P.3 LITERACY I LESSON NOTES

SIR APOLLO KAGGWA SCHOOLS

SIR APOLLO KAGGWA SCHOOLS

P.3 LITERACY I LESSON NOTES TERM II – 2016

ENVIRONMENT

Environment are things / around us. Surroundings is another word to mean environment

Component of the environment

Environment is made up of two components namely:

• Living components
• Non – living components

• Living things

What are living things?

THEME: LIVING THINGS IN OUR SUBCOUNTY

Reading descriptions of words

Breath

Wastes

Respond

Reproduce

Feed

Stimuli

Thorax

Spiracles

Antennae

Tasting

Laying

Feathers

Beaks

Swimming

Gills

Cold blooded

Hooves

Buttons

Manure

Prestige

Dowry

Buffalos

Tourists

Taboos

Giraffes

Wetland

Water logged

Crocodiles

Tortoises

Earthworms

Hides

Aquatic animals

A pond

Protection

Monitor

Shelter

Slugs

Friendship

Wriggling

Gliding

Maggot

Nostril

Ventral fin

Caudal fin

Pectoral fin

Dorsal fin

Corners

Senses

Nile perch

Silver fish

Proteins

Belts

Salting

Refrigerator

Scratching

Warmth

Flightless

Web feet

Penguins

Geese

Swans

Poultry

Pigeons

Sucking

Regarded

Scorpions

Harmful

Spoil

Weevils

Wax

Swarm

Proboscis

Nectar

Dragonflies

THEME: LIVINGTHINGS IN OUR SUBCOUNTY

What are living things?

Livingthings are things which have life.

Examples: cows , goats , oranges , mangoes , beans , birds , insects etc

Groups of living things.

• Plants
• Animals

Characteristics of living things

• They breathe
• They feed
• They move
• They reproduce
• They pass out wastes
• They respond to stimuli
• They grow and change

Non-living things:

These are things which do not have life.

e.g stones, soil, water , timber , etc.

Characteristics of non-living things

• They do not breathe
• They do not feed.
• They do not move
• They do not reproduce
• They do not pass out wastes
• They do not respond stimuli
• They do not grow and change.

Animals

Types of animals in our division

There are two types of animals in our subcounty and these are;

1. Domestic animals
2. Wild animals

Domestic animals:

Are animals which are kept in homes.

Examples;

• Cows
• Dogs
• Goats
• Sheep
• Rabbits
• Donkeys

Reasons why people keep domestic animals.

• To get meat
  
• To get milk
  
• To sell and get money
  
• For transport
  
• For protection
  

Animals kept for transport

• Donkey
  
• Camels
  
• Horse
  
• Oxen
  

Ways of caring for domestic animals

• By giving them food and water
• By cleaning their houses (shelter)
• By treating them when sick
• By building them shelter.

Wild animals

• Are animals which live in the bush.

Examples:

• Antelopes
• Giraffes
• Elephants
• Buffalos
• Zebras
• Leopards

Uses of wild animals

• They attract tourists
• Some wild animals give us skins eg snakes , leopards , lions .
• Some wild animals gives horns eg antelopes , rhinos , buffalos.
• Elephants give us ivory.

Dangers of wild animals

• Some wild animals can eat people e.g lions , leopards, etc.
• Some wild animals can also eat domestic animals.
• Some wild animals destroy our crops

Habitats

A habit is a home of a livingthing.

Types of habitats

• Animal habitats
• Plant habitat

Animal habitats

An animal habitat is a place where an animal lives.

Examples of animal habitats

• Compound eg. goats , rabbits , geckoes
• Plants eg caterpillars , slugs , butterflies , chameleon
• Forest / bush eg monkey , buffalo, elephants
• Swamps eg mud fish
• Water eg whales, dophin
• Garden eg rats , squirrels etc

Animals in swamps and in water:

• A swamp is a water logged area with some plants in it or
• A swamp is a wetland with vegetation in it.
• A swamp can be called a wetland.

Water animals ( Aquatic animals)

Animals that live in water are called aquatic animals.

Examples

• Fish
• Crocodiles
• Hippopotamus
• Frogs
• Slugs
• Crab

A POND

A pond is a small pool of water.

Some ponds are natural and others are manmade.

A pond can be found in homes , schools and hotels.

Examples of animals in a pond

• Fish
• Frogs
• Slugs
• Snails

AN AQUARIUM

An aquarium is a glass tank where fish and other water animals are kept in our homes.

Places where an aquarium can be found:

• Hotels
• School compounds,
• homes, etc

Diagram of an aquarium

Animals without legs

• fish
• Snakes
• Slugs
• Earth worm

Animals which lay eggs

• Lizards
• Tortoise
• Chameleon

Animals and their young ones

Animal movements

Why animals move from one place to another

• To get food
• To get water
• To get protection
• To get shelter
• To look for their young ones
• To look for friendship
• To look for new homes

External parts of a fish

g f e

H

i

 k a b I c

2. Pelvic fin
3. Pectoral fin
4. Ventral/anal fin
5. Tail/caudal fin
6. Dorsal fin
7. Lateral line
8. Nostril
9. Mouth
10. Eye
11. Scale
12. Gill cover/operculum
13. Anus

USES OF PARTS OF A FISH

1. The dorsal fin protects the fish from enemies.
2. The eyes are used for seeing.
3. The gill cover protects the gills.
4. He tail fin helps the fish to turn to different directions.
5. The scales protect the body of a fish.
6. The nostrils are for smelling.
7. The mouth is for feeding /getting food.
8. The lateral line detects sound waves.
9. Pectoral and pelvic fins are used for breaking speed and going up or down wards in water.
10. Gills are used for breathing.

NB : Fins help a fish to swim in water

Examples of fish common in Uganda.

• Tilapia (engage)
• Nile perch (empuuta)
• Cat fish
• Silver fish (mukene)
• Lung fish
• Mud fish

Use of fish

• Source of proteins
• Scales are used to make bags and belts.
• Fish helps to control mosquito larvae
• Helps in manufacture of animal feeds
• Some people get jobs e.g fish mongers
• For selling

Methods of catching fish

• fish hawks
• Fishing nets
• Fishing baskets

FISH PRESERVATIONS

Preservation

Preservation is the way of keeping food for a long time without going bad.

Morden methods of preserving fish

• Canning / tinning
• Refrigeration

Local methods

• By smoking
• By salting
• By sun drying

Qn: Why do we preserve fish?

• For future use
• To prevent wastage

SUB THEME BIRDS

The external parts of a bird.

a b

j

i

l

d

c

g

e

1. Comb/crown
2. Eye
3. Wing
4. Tail feathers
5. Spur
6. Claws/nails
7. Leg
8. Wattle
9. Beak
10. Nostril

Functions of parts of a bird.

Beak – It picks food from the ground (feeding)

• It is used for protection

Wings – used f or flying

Legs – for walking

Claws – for protection

Spur – for fighting/ protection

 – seeing

 – for flying

 – giving birds shape

 – cover body of a bird.

 – Give birds colour

 – Feathers give birds warmth

Characteristics of birds.

• Birds breathe by means of lungs
• Birds are covered with feathers.
• Have beaks
• Have claws
• Reproduce by laying eggs

Note: Swimming birds have webbed feet which help them to swim on water.

Examples of swimming birds

• Ducks
• Geese
• Swans

Types of birds

• Domestic birds
• Wild birds

Domestic birds

• Are birds kept in our homes .
• They are also called poultry.

Examples

• Ducks
• Pigeons
• Peacocks
• Guinea fowls
• Chicken
• Parrots
• Turkeys

Wild birds.

• Are birds found in the bush.

Examples

• Weaverbirds
• Kites
• Crested cranes
• Eagles/crows

Habitats of birds

• A habitat is a home of a living thing.
• Birds live on trees, nests, burrows.

Uses of birds to people;

• Birds provide meat e.g chicken, turkey
• Provide manure
• Provide feathers
• Provide bones used to make animal feeds
• Used f or cultural purposes e.g paying dowry
• Used for tourist attraction

  Caring for birds

  Providing food , water , shelter to birds

Parts of an insect

 b

 a

 i

 h

g

2. Feelers/antennae
3. Proboscis
4. Eye
5. Wing
6. Leg
7. Spiracles
8. Abdomen
9. Thorax
10. Head

The three main body parts of an insect

1. Head – It is where the eyes, feelers and proboscis are found.
2. Thorax – It s where the legs and wings are attached.
3. Abdomen It is where we find the spiracles.

Functions of parts of an insect

1. Feelers – for feeling
2. Proboscis – used for sucking food and water
3. Wing – for flying
4. Spiracles – for breathing

Characteristics of insects

• Insects have three main body parts
• Have three pairs of legs
• Have jointed legs
• Have feelers for feeling and smelling
• Have segmented bodies

Note: spiders, ticks and mites have two main body parts and eight legs. They are not insects.

Harmful and useful insects

• Some insects are harmful or dangerous to man

Examples:

• Of harmful insects
• Wasps
• Crickets
• Locust
• Mosquitoes
• Termites
• Bees
• Houseflies
• Red ants
• Cockroaches

Useful insects to man

• Bees
• Grasshoppers
• White ants
• Locusts

INSECT HABITATS (HOMES)

Insects that live in the soil

• Termites
• White ants
• Red ants

Insects that live on plants

• Butterflies
• Caterpillars

Social and solitary insects

Social insects are the insects that live , move and work together.

Examples

• Bees
• Red ants
• Termites
• Wasps
• Black ants
• White ants

Anti – social insects (solitary insects)

• Are insects which do not live, move and work together.

Examples

• Houseflies
• Locusts
• Mosquitoes
• Cockroaches
• Dragon flies
• Butterflies
• Moth
• Grass hoppers

NOTE: Moth pollinates flowers at night

Other insects habitats.

• Bees – bee hive
• Spider – web

CARE FOR INSECTS, BIRDS AND ANIMALS

Care for bees

• By providing a hive
• By planting flowers for nectar
• By providing water.

Types of bees.

• Worker bees
• Drone bees
• The queen bees

Note: A group of bees is called a swarm.

Uses of bees to man

• Bees provide honey
• Bees provide bee wax
• Young bees are eaten

Importance of honey

• Honey is used as medicine e.g syrup
• Honey is used to make some foods sweet
• People sell honey and get money
• It is a source of carbohydrates

Products from the wax

• Candles
• Shoe polish
• Some cosmetics
• After shave
• Crayons

Ways of caring f or birds.

• Treating birds
• Keeping bird’s records
• Providing food to birds
• Building birds’ houses
• Vaccinating birds
• Protecting eggs

Signs of a sick bird

• It is sleepy
• Has dull feathers
• It dos not want to eat food.

Note: Poaching is the hunting of wild animals without permission

• Treating sick animals in the wild life centre
• Providing food to animals.

SUB THEME: PLANTS

Reading description of words.

• Seed
• Develop
• Germination
• Seedling
• Condition
• Necessary
• Moisture
• Temperature
• Warmth
• Epigeal
• Hypogeal
• Cotyledon
• Dicots
• Monocots
• Thatching
• Chlorophyll
• Upright/erect
• Clasping
• Underground
• Flower
• Habitat
• Nursery bed
• Harsh
• Weeding
• Spraying
• Chemicals
• Thinning
• Transplanting
• Mulching
• Fencing
• Rotation
• Photosynthesis
• Legumes
• Cereals
• Firmly
• Reproductive
• Suffocate
• Harbor
• Excess
• Pests
• Pesticides
• Premature
• Pruning
• Transplant

• Manure

Plant

Plants are anything on earth’s surface

Examples of plants

• Maize plants
• Bean plant
• Cow pea plant

Reasons why they are called plants

• They make their own food
• They have chlorophyll

GROUPS OF PLANTS

1. Flowering plants

   Are plants which bear flowers e.g maize, beans, grass, tomatoes, peas, etc.

2. Non-flowering plants

   Are plants which do not bear flowers e.g ferns, conifers, mosses, liver worts

Characteristics of plants

They grow , reproduce, feed, breathe, excrete.

Plants habitats

Plant habitat is a place here plants grow or are found

N.B a habitat is a home of a living thing.

Plants in school compounds.

• Pawpaw
• Avocadoes
• Mangoes
• Palms
• Trees, flowers, etc

Plants in swamps

• Papyrus
• Yams
• Rice
• Sugarcanes, etc

Plants in desert/dry areas

• Cactus
• Sisal

Plants which grow water

• Waterhyancith
• Water lily
• Water cabbage

Plants that grow on rocks

• Liverworts
• Ferns
• Mosses

SCHOOL GARDEN

Factors to consider when setting up a school garden

• It should be near a water source
• Should be near the school
• It should be in an open space

Importance of a school garden

• Children learn about crop i.e for study purposes
• Children get food from the grown crops
• The surplus is sold and generates income to the school.
• Children learn how to dig.

NURSERY BED

Nursery bed is a small piece of land where seedlings are raised before taking them to the main garden.

Importance of a nursery bed.

• Protects the seedlings from harsh conditions e.g too much sunshine, strong wind and heavy rains.
• It is easy to care for the seedlings.
• The shelter prevents water from evaporating
• It is easy to select good seedlings.

Examples of crops grown in a nursery bed.-

• Tomatoes
• Cabbage
• Loofah plants
• Passion fruits
• Onion
• Orange
• Egg plants
• Green pepper
• Spinach
• Trees

Caring for crops in a nursery bed.

• Watering/irrigation
• It provides water to plants mainly in dry seasons

  Spraying
  

  This is the application of chemicals on seedlings to control pests, diseases and weeds.

WEEDING

This is the removal of unwanted plants from the garden.

A weed is un –wanted plant in the garden.

Examples of common weeds

• Black jack
• Star grass
• Spear grass
• Sodom apple
• Finger millet
• Goat grass
• Wondering jew
• Elephant grass
• Nut grass

Importance of weeds to man

• Some weeds are eaten as food
• Some weeds are used as herbal medicine
• Some weeds are feeds to domestic animals.

Ways of controlling weeds

• By up rooting
• By mulching
• By slashing
• By spraying
• By digging

Dangers of weeds in the gardens

• Weeds hide dangerous pests.
• Weed lead to low crops yields
• Weeds compete with plants for sunlight, water and nutrients.

Thinning

• Is the removal of excess crops from the garden to create space.

Hardening off:

This is the making of seedlings get used to harsh conditions.

Transplanting

• Is the transfer of seedlings from the nursery bed to the main garden.

Mulching

• Is the covering of top soil with dry plant materials.

Fencing:

Diagram of a flowering plant

leaf fruit

flower

lateral bud

 stem

 roots

systems of plants

• Shoot system
• Root system

Parts of a flowering plant.

• It has 3 major namely leaves, stem , roots

  LEAF
  

(leaf blade)

Uses of leaves to plants

• They make food for the plant.
• Some leaves store food
• They help plants during transpiration

Note : Plants use stomata for breathing

Types of leaves

a) Simple leaves

Illustration

Examples of plants with simple leaves

• Mango plant
• Orange
• Jack fruit

b) Compound leaves

examples of plants with compound leaves

• Bean plant
• Cassava plant
• Soya bean
• Acacia plants
• Molinga plant

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

It is the process by which green plants make food I the presence of sunlight and carbondioxide.

NB: Food made by plants is called starch.

Conditions necessary for photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll (Green colouring matter that trap sunlight)
• Carbondioxide These are raw materials of photosynthesis
• Water
• Sunlight (provide energy to plants)
• N.B Transpiration is the process by which green plants lose water to the atmosphere through the leaves.

By – products of photosynthesis

a) Oxygen

b) Starch

Uses of leaves to animals.

• Leaves are eaten as food
• Leaves are used as herbal medicine
• Some plants have leaves used for thatching houses
• They are used for decoration
• People sell leaves and get money.

STEM

Types of stems

1. Upright stems//erect stems

   

 node

 internodes

These types of stems are found in woody plants like

• Mahogany
• Eucalyptus
• Ficus tree
• Mango tree
• Muvule

1. Climbing stems
   

They are also called weak/clasping stems.

Examples of plants with climbing stems

• Passion fruits
• Vanilla
• Some bean plants
• Loofah plants
• Water melon
• Pumpkin
• Some yams
• Cucumber

How climbing plants climb others.

• By twinning /clasping
• Using hooks or thorns
• Using tendrils

Plants using tendrils Plants using hooks by twinning

 Tendrils

1. Underground stems
   

   These are stems found below the ground e.g

• Spear grass
• Couch grass
• Ginger

 Adventitious roots

internodes

USES OF STEMS

1. To plants

• stems store food for the plants
• Transport and food
• Support branches and leaves
• Stems make plants to stand

1. To animals
   

• Stems are eaten as food
• Provide animals medicine
• Provides building materials
• We get timber/poles from woody plants

Roots

It is part of a flowering plant found under the ground.

TYPES OF ROOTS

(a Tap roots

 Main roots

 Root hairs

 Lateral root

 Root cap

Root systems

There are two types of root systems namely:-

a) Tap root system

b) Fibrous root system

N.B. Root cap

– protects the growing tip of the root.

Examples of plants with tap root system (legumes)

• Beans
• Peas
• Soya
• G.nuts
• Simsim

1. Fibrous roots
   

They are common in cereals/grains e.g sorghum

 Fibrous roots

Examples of plants with fibrous roots

• Maize
• Sorghum
• Millet
• Wheat
• Rice
• Barley
• Oats
• Some grasses

1. Prop roots

   They develop from the stem of the plant

 Prop roots

NOTE: The function of prop root is to give extra support to the plant.

Examples of plants with prop roots

• Sorghum
• Maize
• Millet and some grasses

1. Adventitious roots
   
2. These also develop from the stem of the plant. They are common in plants like onions, some yams

 Adventitious roots

Uses of roots to plants

• Hold the plant firmly in the soil
• Absorb water and mineral salts from the soil
• Stores food for t he plant

Uses of roots to animals.

• It is a source of food
• It is used as herbal; medicine
• Controls erosion like he buttress roots
• Some people sell roots and get money

The flower

A flower is the reproductive part of a plant.

Parts of a flower.

Petal

Stigma

Style

Anther head

Filament

Sepal

Ovules

Ovary

Receptacle

Flowerstalk

NOTE: Pistil is the female part of a flower

Stamen is the male part of a flower.

Uses of flowers to people.

• They are used for decoration
• Bees and birds get nectar from flowers
• They are eaten as food
• They are used for making perfumes
• They are used for making colours
• They are used as herbal medicines

Uses of flowers to plants

• They help a plant to reproduce.

SEEDS

A SEED IS A DEVELOPED OVULE

External parts of a bean seed

Scar / hilum

Micropyle

Testa (seed coat)

Internal parts of a bean seed

Plumule

Cotyledon scar

Micropyle

Radicle

Groups of seeds

Monocotyledous seed

Dicotyledonous seeds

Uses of seeds

• Seeds are eaten as food.
• Seeds are used for planting
• They are sold
• They are used as medicine
• They are used I making crafts
• They are used for making vegetable oil.

Dangers of plants

Some plants are poisonous e.g Sodom apple to cattle

Some pare thorny and therefore damage the skins of animals.

Some plants harbor/hide dangerous animals and pests

Plants can be weeds hence compete for nutrients with crops.

Some water weeds cause suffocation of fish in the water.

Crop growing

Steps of clearing land

-slashing: shortening of grasses or some bushes using a slasher

– digging /ploughing- breaking up of soil in preparation for planting

Planting : It is putting a planting material in the soil

• Seeds are selected for planting
• Afterwards seedlings are cared for.

Methods of planting

1. Broadcasting method: Is the planting of seeds by scattering them at random on land.
2. Row planting: Is the growing of plant material in lines.

Caring for crops

Weeding: The removal of unwanted plants from the garden.

Staking: giving extra support to plants with weak stems.

Pruning: Removal of excess branches from the plant.

Thinning : Removal of excess plants from the garden to create space.

Mulching: is the covering of different crops on the same piece of land seasonally.

Spraying: Application of chemicals on plants to control pests and diseases.

• Harvesting removal of ready crops from the garden during dry season.
• Drying harvested crops.

Storing harvested crops

Granaries Silos

Material used to make a granary

a) grass , pole reeds, banana fibres

crops stored in a granary

sorghum , Rice , maize , millet

storage : pests , rats and weevils

Marketing

It is the selling of crops

Places of marketing

• Markets
• Shop
• Vending

PESTS AND DISEASES

4 pests is an animal which destroys farmers’ crops.

Examples

• Monkey
• Rats
• Weevils
• Goat
• Birds
• Cows

Pests control measures

• Weeding
• Crop rotation
• Using scare crows
• Spraying using pesticides
• Row planting
• Early planting

NOTE: Crop rotation , early planting and proper spacing are natural methods of controlling pests

Removing infected parts from the plant

Uprooting the plants which are severely attacked .

• Crop diseases
• Mosaic ,
• potato blight ,
• rust ,
• blast ,
• panama smut and rot

Effects of diseases to plants.

• They cause the crop to rot.
• Crops wither
• Crops dry out before time
• Fruits ripen prematurely
• Leaves fall off or become pale.
• Roots dry

Disease control measures in crops.

• Practice crop rotation
• Weeding
• Early planting
• Prune/remove the diseased parts
• Uproot the infected crops and burn them.
• Spray crops with medicine to control the diseases.

Seed germination

Is the process by which a seed develops into a young plant.

A young plant is known as a seedling

Conditions necessary for germination.

• Water , air , warmth

Types of germination

• Epigeal
• Hypogeal

Hypogeal germination is where the cotyledons remains under the ground in the soil.

It is common in cereals or monocots e.g maize , millet , sorghum , rice , wheat , barley

Diagram to show hypogeal germination.

 Level of soil

 Cotyledon in the soil.

Epigeal germination is the type of germination where cotyledons come out of the ground (beans , g.nuts, etc)

Diagram to show epigeal

 Cotyledons above the ground

Note: Plant a bean and maize to show the types of germination.

• Germination , burning , rusting and breathing (life) all use a common gas called oxygen.

An experiment to show the condition needed for germination.

Things needed

• 3 tins
• Cotton wool
• Seeds (beans , maize)
• Ice
• Oil

• In tin A the seeds will not germinate because there is no warmth.
• In tin B, the seeds will not germinate because there is no air . The oil prevents air from entering to reach the seeds.
• In tin C, the seeds will not germinate because there is no water (moisture)
• In tin D, the seeds will germinate because there is air, water and warmth. The cotton provides warmth.

SIR APOLLO KAGGWA SCHOOLS

PRIMARY THREE LITERACY I

TERM III – 2016 LESSON NOTES

VECTORS

What are vectors?

Vector are animals that spread disease causing germs.

Vectors are germ carriers.

Common vectors in our environment.

Mosquitoes

House flies mad dog

Black flies tsetse flies

Lice ticks

Fleas bed bugs

Characteristics of vectors.

Vectors carry germs.

Vectors live in dirty places.

Some vectors suck blood

Most vectors are insects.

Mosquitoes

There are three different types of mosquitoes.

These are;

Characteristics of mosquitoes

Mosquitoes lay their eggs in stagnant water / still water.

Mosquitoes live in bushes.

Mosquitoes have a proboscis used for sucking blood.

Mosquitoes are insects and move by flying.

EXTERNAL PARTS OF A MOSQUITO

Compound eyes proboscis

Feeders (Antenna)

Wings

Thorax

Leg

Abdomen

Life cycle of a mosquito

A female mosquito lays eggs in stagnant water. Eggs hatch into larva, to pupa and pupa grow into adult.

MALARIA

Malaria is spread by a female anopheles mosquito.

Mosquitoes carry germs called plasmodia which cause malaria.

Signs and symptoms of malaria

High body temperature

Vomiting

Stomachache

Diarrhoea

Loss of appetite

General body weakness

Headache

Joint pain

Anaemia ( Lack of enough blood in the body)

Chattering of the teeth

Control and treatment of malaria.

Sleep under a treated mosquito net.

Drain away stagnant water

Put oil on stagnant water.

Spray with insecticides.

Slash the bushes around the home

Introduce fish in pond to eat mosquito larvae.

Treat malaria early to prevent spreading.

Medicine used to treat malaria

Factory drugs Local drugs

Chloroquine Mululuza

Quinine bombo

Co – Artem Kigaji

Fansider

Places where we can get factory made drugs

• Clinics
• Pharmacies
• Dispensaries
• Hospitals

HOUSE FLIES

Features of a house fly

• It has three main body parts i.e head, thorax. Abdomen
• Houseflies lay their eggs in dirty rotting places.
• It has a hairy that enables it to carry germs.
• It has a proboscis for sucking food.

Life cycle of a house fly

 eggs larva ( maggot)

 adult (imago) pupa

A house fly has four stages of growth called complete
metamorphosis i.e

Eggs – larva – pupa – Adult

List down other insects that have four stages of growth.

House flies butter flies wasps

Mosquitoes tsetse flies

Bees Fleas

The larva stage of a housefly ( maggot) is useful to man because it helps to decompose faeces in latrines.

The adult stage is dangerous to man because it spreads disease germs.

Adult stage and larva stage are called active stages because they move and feed.

Pupa stage is dormant because there is no feeding or movement.

Ways of controlling houseflies in our environment

• By spraying them
• By smoking latrines
• By burning rubbish
• By mopping toilets / latrines
• By covering our food
• Ensuring proper disposal of faeces.

Diseases spread by houseflies

• Trachoma
• Typhoid
• Diarrhoea
• Dysentery
• Conjuctivitis
• Cholera

Diagram of a cockroach

COCKROACH

Features of a cockroach

• It is a brown winged insect.
• It has a flat abdomen.
• It lays its eggs in dark corners.
• It is mostly found in dirty places.

Name the places where cockroaches live.

• Pit latrine
• Cracks of walls
• Drawers
• Book shelves
• Cupboards
• Pit latrines.

Name the things that are eaten by cockroaches.

• Books
• Papers
• Faeces
• Clothes
• Dark dirty stores

Life cycle of a cockroach

Egg Nymph

Adult

Name the three stages that a cockroach undergoes to grow.

1. Eggs
2. Nymph
3. Adult

List down the insects that undergo 3 stages of growth.

Cockroaches locusts Dragon flies white ants

Grasshoppers termites Crickets

Dragon fly

Give the difference between a nymph and an adult cockroach.

Nymph Adult

• Has no wings – Has wings
• White in colour – brown in colour
• Less active – more active
• Smaller – bigger

Identify the diseases spread by a cockroach.

• Diarrhoea
• Dysentery
• Cholera
• Leprosy
• Polio
• Typhoid

Mention ways of controlling the diseases spread by cockroaches.

• Spray the cockroaches suing insecticides.
  
• Practice proper hygiene
  
• Provides enough light in rooms
  
• Cover the food that has remained
  
• Warm left over food.
  

Tsetse fly

• It is a black hairy insect with a broad abdomen.
• It is found in bushes and produces its larva near water sources.
• Mature tsetse flies spreads nagana to cattle and sleeping sickness to man.
• A tsetse fly feeds on blood by sucking with its sharp proboscis.
• Both nagana and sleeping sickness are caused by germs called trypanosomes.

Life cycle of a tsetse fly

A tsetse fly undergoes four stages if growth. i.e complete metamorphosis ( eggs, larva, pupa, adult)

NB Eggs of a tsetse fly hatch into larva from inside the abdomen.

Signs and symptoms of sleeping sickness.

Persistent fever

Sleepy all the time

Lack of appetite

Loss of weight

General body weakness

How can tsetse fly be controlled from our environment.

• By using tsetse fly traps
• By spraying with insecticides
• By clearing bushes near our homes.
• Avoid very early and late grazing of animals.

Diarrhoea, Dysentery, cholera and typhoid.

All the above diseases are water borne diseases because they are spread through drinking contaminated water.

Signs and symptoms.

• Abdominal pain
• Watery stool
• Headache
• Dehydration
• Loss if body weight
• Severe vomiting.

Note

Diarrhoeas is the frequent passing out of watery stool many times a day.

Dysentery is the frequent passing out of watery stool with blood in it.

Typhoid is mostly spread through drinking unboiled water.

Ways of controlling diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid and cholera.

Dispose wastes in latrines.

• Keep toilets and latrines clean.
• Keep cooked food covered.
• Boil water for drinking
• Proper disposal of faeces
• Burn rubbish
• Spray insecticides to kill house flies.
• Treat sick people early with antibiotics.

Trachoma

• It is spread by a house fly.
• It is caused by germs called Chlamydia virus
• It affects eyes.

Signs and symptoms of trachoma.

• Itching eyes
• Eyes turn red.
• Tears come out of the eyes.
• Difficult to look in light.
• Painful eyes.

Control and treatment of trachoma.

• Observe personal hygiene.
• Spray the house flies
• Do not share face towels and basins.
• Avoid shaking hands with infected people.
• Keep eyes clean.

Yellow fever

Yellow fever is spread by aedes/tiger mosquito.

Signs and symptoms.

Eyes turn yellow.

Passing out yellow urine.

Itching skin.

General body weakness.

Feeling sleepy.

How can yellow fever be controlled?

Spray the aedes mosquitoes with insecticides.

Drain stagnant water.

Sleep under treated mosquito nets.

Carry out fumigation

Table showing diseases with their germs.

Other diseases, vectors and their control.

The 4Fs

Diseases spread through the 4Fs

• Diarrhoea
• Dysentery
• Cholera
• Typhoid

Write 4 Fs in full.

• Faeces
• Flies
• Food
• Fingers

Diseases spread through the 4Fs are also called diarrhoeal diseases and they dehydrate the body.

Dehydration

What is dehydration?

Dehydration is the condition when the body does not have enough water in the body.

What causes dehydration?

• Severe vomiting
• Too much diarrhoea

List down the signs and symptoms of dehydration.

• Pale skin
• Loss of weight
• A pinch on the skin goes back slowly
• General body weakness
• Sunken eyes
• Joint pain
• Little or no urine at all
• Little or not tears.
• Sunken fontanel (soft spot on the head)
• Dry lips

Treatment of a dehydrates person.

Provide a lot if juice.

Give ORS

Mineral salts lost during dehydration

• Sodium
• Potassium

Write ORS in full.

ORS – Oral Rehydration solution.

Oral Rehydration salts.

Why are patients given ORS?

To replace the lost water and mineral salts to the body.

NOTE : Rehydration is the putting back lost water and mineral salts in the body.

Steps taken to prepare ORS

Steps 1 Wash your hands with clean water and soap.

Step 2 Put 1 litre of clean boiled water into a clean container.

Step 3 Add 8 tea spoons of sugar and 1 tea spoon of slat.

Step 4 stir the mixture to dissolve completely.

Term used in preparation of ORS

a) Solutes

a solute is a substance which is dissolved by a solvent.

Examples of solutes

• Sugar
• Salt

b) solvent

A solvent is a substance which sisolves a solute eg water.

c) A solution

A solution is the mixture if a solute and a solvent.

Examples of solution

• Sugar solution
• Salt solution
• Sugar salt solution (SSS)

Things (items ) used in preparation of ORS ( SSS)

• Sugar
• Salt
• Clean boiled water

NOTE: Sugar and salt are items that dissolve in water

Questions

1. What is the first step taken to prepare ORS.
2. Name the items used to prepare ORS.
3. How many tea spoons of salt are needed to prepare ORS.
4. During preparation of ORS, state the;
   1. Solvent
   2. Solutes

ORS prepared locally is called SSS. Write SSS in full.

HIV / AIDS

AIDS is an STD ( Sexually Transmitted Disease)

AIDS is called a deadly disease because it has no cure.

AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV.

AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

HIV – Human Immunodeficiency virus

State the signs and symptoms of AIDS.

• Loss of weight
• Chronic cough
• Loss of appetite
• Chronic appetite
• Skin rash
• Skin cancer
• Herpes Zoster ( Kissipi)
• Mouth ulcers

How is AIDS / HIV spread from one person to another?

• Through unprotected sex with an infected person.
• Through blood transfusion.
• Through breast feeding
• At birth from the mother to the unborn baby.
• Through sharing sharp instruments.
• Through cultural practices like circumcision.

Ways though which AIDS (HIV) cannot b spread

NOTE: PMTCT stands for prevention of mother to child transmission

How can AIDS / HIV be prevented from spreading.

Be faithful to your partner.

Abstain from sex.

Use condoms,

Screen blood before transfusion.

PMTC in pregnant women.

Sterlize sharp instrument before use.

Effects of AIDS/ HIV

To an individual

• Death of a person
• A person is isolated
• A person can commit suicide
• Psychological torture.
• Loss of job

To a family

• Loss of a family member
• Loss of income during treatment
• Children become orphans.
• It leads to poverty.
• Grief to family members

How can we care for HIV/ AIDS patients.

• Give guidance and counseling.
• Show them love
• Do not isolate them
• Give them a balanced diet.
• Maintain proper hygiene and sanitation.

Organizations which care AIDS victims

a) TASO – The AIDS support organization

b) Mild May Uganda

c) Uganda Cares

d) ACP – AIDS control programme

other examples of STDS

• Gonorrhea
• Syphilis
• Candida

PIASCY

Write PIASCY in full.

PIASCY – Presidential initiative on AIDS strategy for communication to youth.

PIASCY messages.

PIASCY messages help to protect the Youth from AIDS.

State the PIASCY messages.

• Say no to bad touches.
• Do not take gifts from strangers.
• Do not move in lonely places.
• Say no to early marriages.
• Follow your religion and stay safe.
• Know and observe your responsibility.
• Boys and girls respect a virgin.
• HIV and AIDS kill, protect your self.

SOURCES OF ENERGY

What is energy?

Energy is the ability to do work.

There are two main sources of energy.

1. Natural sources
2. Artificial sources

Natural sources of energy.

Natural sources are sources made by God.

Examples

1. Wind
2. Water
3. Sun
4. Food

How is wind a source of energy?

• Wind moves kites, parachutes and balloons.
• Wind moves wind mills.
• Wind sails boats and ships.
• Wind is used for winnowing.
• Wind generates electricity.
• Wind dries clothes.
• Wind drives machines.
• Discuss making a kite and parachute.

How is water a source of energy?

• Water generates hydro – electricity.
• Water is used for cooking.
• Water is used for transport.
• Water is used for washing clothes.
• Water is used for mopping.
• Water is used to mix chemical in factories.
• Water is used to cool machines.

Forms of energies got from the sun

• Heat energy
• Light energy
• Solar energy

How is the sun a source of energy?

The sun enables us to see.

The sun helps in rainfall formation.

The sun helps plants to make their won food.

The sun helps us to dry seeds, clothes and fish.

The sun provides solar electricity.

The sun give us light.

The sun makes us warm.

How is food a source of energy?

Helps us to grow.

Makes us healthy.

Helps us to be strong.

Helps us to build our body.

Artificial sources of energy.

Artificial; sources of energy are made by man.

Examples of artificial sources.

1. Fuel
2. Electricity

What is a fuel?

Fuel is anything that burns to produce heat energy.

Examples of fuels.

• Diesel – fire wood
• Petrol – paraffin
• Wood – coal
• Charcoal – natural gas.

Uses of fuels

Petrol and diesel are used to run vehicles.

Paraffin helps in cooking ad lighting.

Fire wood and charcoal are used in cooking.

Fuel are used to rum machines.

Electricity

Uses of electricity

• For running machines.
• For cooking
• For washing clothes
• For producing light.
• For producing heat.
• For hair dressing.

Types of electricity

• Hydro electricity : generated from running water
• Solar electricity : generated from the sun
• Thermal electricity : generated from burning fuels

Items that use electricity in our homes

• Televisions
• Flat irons
• Computers
• Radios
• Cookers
• Fridges
• Electric bulbs
• Oven

Dangers of electricity

• It shocks us
• It burns houses
• It spoils machines

Energy conservation.

Energy conservation means saving energy.

Ways of saving energy.

• Using energy saving bulbs.
• Switching off electrical appliances after use.
• Put out fire when not in use.
• Planting trees.

Switching off bulbs during the day.

Importance of saving energy.

• To avoid wastage.
• For future use
• To save money.

Dangers of energy and ways of avoiding them.