Home Science Form 1 All Notes

Home Science may seem like a new subject since it is not included in the Primary School Curriculum. However, you actually covered it under Science, including topics such as the Human Body, Health Education, Foods, and Nutrition.

Just as you enjoyed learning these topics in Science during Primary School, you will likely enjoy studying Home Science as a separate subject in Secondary School.

The following sub-topics will be covered:

1. Basic sewing tools and equipment
2. The sewing machine

Introduction

Needlework requires the use of special tools and equipment categorized into two main groups:
Small and Large tools needed for:

• Measuring
• Cutting
• Transferring pattern markings
• Sewing
• Pressing
• Storage
• Others

Objectives

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• State factors to consider when choosing different basic sewing tools and equipment.
• Describe how to use and care for basic sewing tools and equipment.

Measuring Tools

• Tape measure
• Measuring gauge
• Meter stick

Choice

The tape measure should:

• Be clearly marked on both sides up to 150 cm.
• Be woven and plastic-coated to avoid fraying and stretching.
• Have metal ends.

Use and Care

Remove from the work while cutting out to avoid accidental cutting.
Roll up when not in use. It should:

• Be firm.
• Be clearly marked at right angles.
• Have several measurements marked.
• Be used for measuring small widths.
• Be stored after use.

Meter Stick

Choice of a Meter Stick

It should be:

• Made of smooth wood or plastic.
• Clearly marked.
• Used to measure long straight lines.

Hem Marker

Choice

Can be made from manila or cardboard.
Used for marking hem depths to ensure even size.

Cutting Out Tools

• Dressmaker’s shears
• Pinking shears
• Embroidery scissors
• Buttonhole scissors
• Paper scissors
• Dressmaker’s pins
• Seam ripper
• Table worktop

Dressmaker’s Shears

Should be rust-free (stainless steel), sharp, firmly hinged, with a comfortable handle having one hole large enough for two or more fingers.
One blade should be pointed.
Long blade, at least 15 cm.
Oil the hinges regularly.
Hold correctly.
Do not chop.
Wipe after use.
Do not use for cutting hair, paper, thread, or for snipping.

Pinking Shears

Made of rustless metal (stainless steel).
Have serrated edges.
Used for neatening edges, especially on open seams, on materials that do not fray.

Embroidery Scissors

Small.
Sharp fine pointed blades.
Used for cutting threads and snipping.
Used for cutting buttonholes.

Paper Scissors

Smaller than cutting out shears.
Not very sharp.
Used for cutting out paper patterns.

Dressmaker’s Pins

Assorted lengths.
Fine and sharp.
Made of stainless steel.
Buy those with big heads.
Store in a pin cushion or small box.
Avoid scattering.
Keep dry and free from rust.

Seam Ripper

The blade should be sharp.
It should have a cover to protect the sharp point.
Used for removing unwanted stitches and cutting buttonholes.
Do not drop.
Store in the needlework box when not in use.

Table Top

Should be large enough for laying out pattern pieces.
Comfortable height for the user.
Smooth and flat to avoid spoiling fabric.
Should not be polished.
Dust well before placing work.
Do not scratch with sharp objects such as tracing wheels.
Do not stain with carbon.

Transferring Pattern Markings

• Tailor’s chalk
• Tracing wheel
• Dressmaker’s carbon paper
• Pencils

Tailor’s Chalk

Comes in different shapes.
Buy assorted colours.
Used for marking patterns.
Do not drop as it will break.
Store in the needlework box.

Tracing Wheel

The edge should be well serrated.
The wheel should be firmly fixed.
Use carbon colour closest to that of the fabric.
Wooden handles are more durable than plastic.
Used for transferring pattern markings with dressmaker’s carbon.

Dressmaker’s Carbon Paper

Choose different colours.
Should be large in size.
Used with tracing wheel for transferring patterns.
Do not press hard while using tracing wheel as it will tear.
Fold and keep well.

Pencils

Choose dark, strong pencils for drawing patterns.

Sewing Tools

• Needles
• Sharps
• Betweens
• Crewels

Sharps Needle

Have round eyes.
Should be fine.
Eye should be smooth.
Easy to thread.
Assorted sizes; the higher the number, the finer the needle.
Use correctly.
Used for ordinary sewing.
Should be kept in a pin cushion.

Betweens Needle

Assorted sizes; the higher the number, the finer the needle.
Shorter and sharper than sharps.
Fine needles.
Also used for quilting.

Crewels Needle

The eyes are oval in shape and larger.
Used for embroidery.

Pressing Equipment

• Irons
• Ironing board

Irons

Made of non-rusting material.
Medium weight.
Smooth sole.
Pointed toe to reach fullness.
If electric, should be thermostatic.
Used to press work after each stage of construction.
Use the right temperature for each fabric.
Wipe before use.
Do not drop.
Occasionally clean thoroughly.
Oil hinges of charcoal iron to prevent rusting.

Ironing Board

Should be adjustable.
Well padded.
Stable on the ground.
Should have a loose cover.
Used to place work when pressing.
Adjust to comfortable height.
Remove and wash cover regularly.
Fold and protect from dust when not in use.

Sleeve Board

Similar to ironing board but smaller.
Used for pressing small shaped articles such as cuffs and sleeves.

Pressing Cloth

Choose lint-free, closely woven cloth.
Used for dampening and wetting during pressing.
Wash and store after use.

Storage Equipment

• Drawers
• Wardrobes
• Hangers

Drawers

Large enough to carry the work.
Have smooth finishing.
For storing all needlework.
Should be lined with clean paper or cloth.

Wardrobes

Should have a smooth finish.
Should be lockable.
Should have a rod or nail for hanging.
Used for hanging complete and incomplete garments.
Clean regularly and place moth balls occasionally.

Hangers

Assorted sizes.
Made of smooth wood, plastic, or metal.
Strong and wide.
Used for hanging complete or incomplete garments.
Dust occasionally to keep clean.

Others

• Thimble
• Stiletto
• Bodkin
• Embroidery loop
• Pressing cloth
• Sleeve board

Thimble

Should fit on the middle finger.
Metal thimbles last longer, especially those made of stainless steel.
Ensure metal ones do not have rough edges that may damage thread and fabrics.

Choice and Care

Used to push the needle through fabric.
Protects the finger from needle pricks.
Wear on the correct finger.

Stiletto

Must be sharp.
Thick enough to leave holes on fabric.
Smooth to avoid spoiling fabric.
Used for making holes and eyelets.
Do not drop as the point will become blunt.

Bodkin

Eye must be large.
Point should be blunt to avoid piercing work.
Used for threading elastic cords, ribbons, and tapes through casings or eyelets.
Store in the needlework box.

Embroidery Loop

Choose according to the work.
Similar to ironing board but smaller.
Used for pressing small shaped articles such as cuffs and sleeves.

Pressing Cloth

Choose lint-free, closely woven cloth.
Used for dampening when pressing.
Wash and store after use.

Sewing Machine

A sewing machine is a large sewing equipment designed to make stitches. It makes sewing quicker and more efficient. It is simple to operate manually at the speed of the operator.

It is portable and easy to carry.
The balance wheel is rotated by hand.
One hand rotates the hand wheel while the other guides the material.

Hand Machine

The following video clip shows the working of a hand machine:

Treadle Machine

Feet rotate the hand wheel.
Both hands are free to guide the work.
Bulky and takes up a lot of storage space.
A motor can be fixed onto it to make it electric.

The following video clip shows the working of a treadle machine:

Electric Machine

The balance wheel is rotated using electricity.
Very fast because both hands are free to guide the work.
Expensive to purchase.
Some are portable and others are bulky.

The following video clip shows the working of an electric machine:

Parts of a Sewing Machine

Choosing a Sewing Machine

Consider the cost in relation to the work.
Consider the machine’s suitability for the intended work; do not buy a domestic machine for commercial purposes.
Buy from a reliable dealer who can service and supply spare parts.
The machine should have an instruction manual.

Care of the Sewing Machine

Ensure regular servicing.
Store the machine covered to avoid dust.
Clean and oil it regularly.
Learners should use the machine under supervision.
Do not sew over pins to avoid breaking needles.

Stitches

Home Science is an applied multidisciplinary science aimed at improving the quality of life and well-being of individuals, families, and communities.

Define Home Science.
Explain the importance of Home Science.
Relate Home Science to various career opportunities.
Classification of stitches:
Stitches are classified into two groups:
Roll the mouse over the words: Permanent and Temporary for additional information.

Classify Stitches

Describe how to work out different types of stitches.

Joining Stitches

These stitches hold two or more layers of fabric together permanently. They include:
Machine stitches
Over sewing
Faggotting

Faggotting Stitches

Neatening Stitches

These stitches finish raw edges. They include:
Loop stitches
Buttonhole stitches
Machine zigzag

Buttonhole Stitches

Decorative Stitches

Embroidery stitches used to add beauty to garments or articles. They include:
Stem stitch
Chain stitch
Satin stitch
Cross stitch
French knot
Even tackings
Long and short tackings
Diagonal tackings
Tailor tacks

Other Disciplines in Home Science

• Maternal child care
• Home care
• Textiles
• Clothing
• Health education
• Consumer education

Maternal Child Care

Deals with child development from conception to childhood, focusing on physical, emotional, and social development.

Home Care

Focuses on caring for the individual, home, and environment through planning, organizing, and efficient use of resources.

Tidy Room
Untidy Room

Textiles

The study of fibres made into fabrics.

A Textile Industry

Clothing

Deals with clothing construction and maintenance.

Health Education

Promotes health by changing behaviour, attitudes, and practices through personal hygiene, environmental hygiene, and care of the sick at home.

A person washing hands after visiting the toilet

Consumer Education

Raises awareness of available goods and services in the market, their choice, and use.

Variety of liquid soaps
A billboard with information on food

Importance of Home Science

The importance of Home Science to:

The Individual

Makes a person self-reliant by providing skills to start income-generating activities.
It is a foundation for further education and training.

Helps acquire skills to enhance quality of life by managing scarce resources.
Prepares individuals to care for personal hygiene, food, clothing, and health.

The Family

Home Science helps families to:
Practice and administer First Aid in case of accidents and illnesses.
Maintain high living standards.
Improve their economic status.

The Community

Skills acquired create employment opportunities.
Ensures a healthy community, reducing illness and death.
Promotes positive environmental practices.
Produces role models for the community.

Career Opportunities

Home Science leads to diverse career opportunities such as:

• Teacher
• Interior Designer
• Chef
• Air Hostess
• Dietician
• Community Health Worker
• Fashion Designer
• Entrepreneur
• Researcher
• Textile Engineer

Teacher

Chef

The chief cook of a large kitchen staff, responsible for menu creation, staff management, and business aspects related to the kitchen.

Air Host / Hostess

Also known as flight steward or cabin crew member. Ensures passengers have a comfortable journey.

Dietician

An expert in Food and Nutrition who promotes good health through proper eating, supervises food preparation, develops modified diets, participates in research, and educates on good nutritional habits.

Community Health Worker

A community member chosen to provide basic health and medical care.

Fashion Designer

Creates original garments and follows fashion trends. Studies trends, sketches designs, selects colours and fabrics, and oversees final products.

Entrepreneur

Identifies business opportunities, assesses risks, organizes resources to start and run a successful business.

Researcher
Discovers, interprets, and develops methods and systems for advancing human knowledge on scientific matters.

Textile Engineer

Specializes in the study of fibres and textile production methods, turning fibre into fabric and fabric into clothing and other products.

Interior Designer

Concerned with elements inside a space such as walls, windows, doors, finishes, textures, light, and furnishings to develop functional, safe, and aesthetically pleasing spaces.

Personal Hygiene

Refers to cleanliness of the body, including grooming and care of body parts, and use and care of personal items.

Cosmetics are substances applied to enhance appearance, including:

• Lipstick
• Mascara
• Rouge
• Body lotion
• Deodorant
• Petroleum jelly
• Eye shadow
• Nail polish
• Hair colour
• Hair oil
• Eye liner

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to describe factors to consider when choosing and using cosmetics correctly.

Lipstick

Used to enhance lips by adding colour and texture.

Mascara

Used to darken, lighten, or colour eyelashes.

Rouge is used to redden cheeks for a youthful appearance and to emphasise cheekbones.

Body lotion softens and smoothens the skin.

Click on the PLAY button to view where and how body lotion is used.
This is mainly to reduce body odour caused by bacterial breakdown of perspiration.
Click on the PLAY button to view where and how deodorant is used.
Used to soften and smooth skin, especially for children.
Click on the PLAY button to view where and how petroleum jelly is used.
Compliments eye colour, drawing attention to the eyes.
Click on the PLAY button to view where and how eye shadow is used.
Applied to finger and toe nails to enhance appearance.
Click on the PLAY button to view where and how mascara is used.
Used to change hair colour to a fashionable shade.
Click on the PLAY button to view where and how hair colour is used.
Softens the scalp and gives hair a shiny look.
Click on the PLAY button to view where and how hair oil is used.
Applied around the eye contours to create aesthetic illusions.
Click on the PLAY button to view where and how eye liner is used.

Choice of Cosmetics

Choose according to skin type and complexion.
Choose cosmetics with adequate information such as expiry date, composition, and side effects.
Avoid cosmetics containing mercury and hydroquinone as they are harmful.
Choose environmentally friendly deodorants and antiperspirants.

Use of Cosmetics

Use sparingly.
Remove all make-up before bed.
Do not wear cosmetics on skin that is acne-prone, broken, or infected.
Remove chipped nail varnish immediately.
Keep make-up fresh by reapplying when it wears off.
Use cosmetics correctly and in the right area.
Avoid sharing cosmetics to prevent skin harm.
Excessive make-up is unattractive.
Do not mix cosmetics as it may be harmful.

Safety in the Home and First Aid

The following will be covered:

1. Common accidents in the home, causes, prevention, and management
2. Assembling a First Aid Kit

A child falling off a bicycle

insert picture

A First Aid box

insert picture

The home is a safe haven for security and comfort. To maintain safety, necessary precautions must be taken.

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Identify common accidents in the home and their causes.
• Explain how to prevent common accidents in the home.

Common Accidents in the Home

• Cuts and bruises
• Burns and scalds
• Fractures and sprains
• Suffocation
• Choking
• Shock
• Foreign bodies in the eyes and nose
• Fainting
• Nose bleeding
• Drowning
• Insect stings and bites
• Snake bites
• Poisoning

Cuts and Bruises

A cut is a slit or break on the skin caused by sharp objects such as razor blades, broken glass, and knives, while bruises are caused by blunt blows.

Prevention

• Store sharp objects safely.
• Use and care for knives appropriately.
• Dispose of empty tins, broken bottles, and other sharp objects by burying.
• Keep doors of cupboards, wardrobes, and drawers closed.
• Keep household items in their appropriate places.

Management

Cuts

Clean the wound with clean water or a weak antiseptic solution.
Cover with sterile gauze or cotton wool and bandage.
For deep cuts, press onto the wound with cotton wool and bandage.
Raise the wounded limb to reduce pain.
Seek medical attention.

Bruises

Cool the bruised part with very cold water or dab with a cloth soaked in cold water.
Raise the injured limb to reduce blood flow and swelling.

Burns and Scalds

Burns are caused by dry heat such as hot charcoal, metal, and open flames, while scalds are caused by moist heat such as steam and hot liquids.

Prevention

• Keep matches, boiling stoves, hot liquids, and burning candles away from children.
• Store flammable liquids away from children.
• Open lids covering hot foods away from the handle while cooking.

Saucepan blows, direct or indirect force on bones, falls

A sprain is a tearing or stretching of ligaments caused by stretching a joint beyond its normal level of motion.

Rooms should be tidy and well lit.
Floors should be free from spills and peels.
Arrest any bleeding.
Use a splint to hold fractures.
Apply a sling.

Choking

Choking occurs when breathing is blocked by food or foreign objects such as seeds, bones, or coins stuck in the throat or air passage.
Encourage the casualty to cough.
Give back slaps.

Obstruction

Avoid putting foreign objects in the mouth. Children should not play while eating. If the casualty is breathing, encourage coughing to dislodge the obstruction. For babies, hold upside down by the legs and pat gently on the upper back until the object pops out.

For older children and adults, hit sharply with the palm between the shoulder blades until the object pops out. Alternatively, stand behind the casualty, link your hands below their navel, and press the belly with strong jerks until the object pops out.

Suffocation

Suffocation occurs when there is inadequate fresh air or when the windpipe is blocked, preventing air from entering the lungs.

A child wearing a polythene bag over the head.
Dispose of polythene bags properly.
Use cooking stoves in well-ventilated rooms.
Replace worn-out gas tubes.

Identify the cause and act appropriately. If lack of fresh air, take the person outside. If due to a polythene bag, remove it. Check airways and breathing. If breathing stops, start artificial respiration. Take casualty to hospital.

Shock

Shock is a temporary lack of blood supply to the brain and vital organs caused by events such as electric shock, injury, or illness.

Causes

• Severe bleeding
• Loss of plasma in burns or crash injuries
• Heart failure
• Loss of body fluids from vomiting or diarrhoea
• Acute abdominal emergencies
• Electric wires should be insulated; defective equipment repaired.
• Do not touch electric switches with wet hands.

Management

Lay casualty down and treat injury.
Raise and support legs.
Loosen tight clothing.
Protect with blanket if necessary.
Do not give anything to drink.
Take to hospital immediately.

Foreign Bodies in Ears, Eyes, and Nose

Foreign bodies are undesirable objects such as dust, insects, and seeds that enter the body.

A child putting a bean in the nose and breathing it out. Protect eyes when in dusty areas by wearing protective gear. Keep small items away from children.

Foreign Body in the Eye

Advise casualty not to rub the eye. Sit facing light, gently separate eyelids with clean fingers. Wash out visible objects with clean water. Remove stuck objects with a moist swab. If stuck, bandage eye and seek medical help.

Foreign Body in the Nose

Calm casualty and ask to breathe through mouth. Press unaffected nostril and blow nose to remove object. If unsuccessful, seek medical help immediately.

Foreign Body in the Ear

Reassure casualty and let lie down. Flood ear with clean water if insect is lodged. If unsuccessful, refer to health facility.

Fainting

Temporary loss of consciousness due to reduced blood flow to the brain.
Causes include anemia, bad news, hunger, overworking, and standing too long.

Avoid standing too long.
Avoid overcrowding and poor ventilation.
Break bad news calmly.
Lay casualty down and raise legs above head level.
Loosen tight clothing.
Ensure fresh air.
Reassure casualty.
Gradually raise to sitting position and give sips of water.
If unconsciousness persists, seek medical help.

Nose Bleeding

Occurs when blood flows from the nose, caused by injury, forceful blowing, or picking.

Someone pinching the nose to stop bleeding. The head should be slightly bent forward.

Avoid picking or blowing nose forcefully.
Sit casualty with head forward.
Pinch nose firmly below bridge for 10 minutes, breathing through mouth.
After 10 minutes, release pressure.
Encourage spitting out blood.
If bleeding persists beyond 30 minutes, seek medical attention.

Drowning

Blockage of air passages by liquids when swimming or falling into water bodies.

A child bending into a bucket full of water and falling in. Water containers must have tight lids. Do not store water in open containers. Drain water pools around the house. Unplug bathtubs after use.

Do not swim unaccompanied.
Remove casualty from water quickly.
Shout for help if unable to swim.
Open airways by placing casualty on side.
Check breathing and circulation.
Start artificial respiration if not breathing.
Start CPR if no pulse.
If breathing resumes, place in recovery position.
Continue CPR until help arrives.

Insect Stings and Bites

Some insects sting (bees, wasps, scorpions) while others bite (mosquitoes, ticks, lice, cockroaches).

Keep environment clean.
Do not disturb bees and hornets.
Air and change beddings frequently.

Bites

Clean affected area with clean water.
Apply alcohol or iodine except near eyes.

Stings

Remove sting with fine tweezers.
Apply cold compress to relieve pain and swelling.

Snake Bites

Can be poisonous or non-poisonous.

Types of Snakes

Do not provoke snakes.
Clear bushes around the house.
Lay casualty down, reassure, and keep calm.
Wash wound and pat dry.
Compress limb above wound and immobilize.
Clear bushes around the house.

Poisoning

Poison causes harm when swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin.

Baby drinking paraffin from a bottle.

Man seated in an enclosed room with a jiko, inhaling carbon monoxide.

Wash hands after handling pesticides.
Label and store poisonous substances away from children.
Take medicines as prescribed.
Do not store chemicals near food.
Management of non-burning poison:
If conscious, give milk or water.
Induce vomiting by touching throat.
Give more drinks and take to health facility.
Bring poison container.

Management of Burning Poison

Give water immediately.
Wash poison from skin.
Refer to health facility.
Bring poison container.
Do not store chemicals near food.

What is First Aid?

First Aid is immediate help given to a person after an accident or sudden illness before medical care. It is usually done at the accident site using a First Aid Kit containing necessary items.

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to assemble items in a First Aid Kit.

Contents of a First Aid Kit

• Cotton wool
• Bandages
• Disposable gloves
• Clinical thermometer
• Ointment
• Petroleum jelly
• Antiseptic
• Adhesive dressings
• Surgical blades
• Scissors
• Tweezers
• Pain killers
• Gauze
• Safety pins
• Sling
• Notepad and pen
• Water

Housing the Family

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• Explain different ways of providing family shelter.
• State factors to consider when providing family shelter.
• Identify various types of houses.

Traditional houses are constructed using materials such as palm leaves, grass, mud, and cow dung, which are not durable. Examples include:

Manyatta (Maasai hut)
Kikuyu hut
Borana/Somali hut
Giriama hut
Luo hut
A Manyatta

Manyatta Hut (Maasai) – Oblong in shape. Uses poles, sticks, and grass leaves smeared with cow dung and mud on walls and roof. Small openings for ventilation.

Kikuyu Hut – Circular in shape. Constructed using poles, sticks, and grass. Walls plastered with mud and clay.

Borana/Somali Hut – Nomadic houses constructed for easy dismantling and moving. Made with poles, sticks, and woven long grass tied with strings. Portions overlap for ventilation.

Giriama Hut – Cone-shaped with no clear distinction between wall and roof. Made of overlapping long grass tied to poles and sticks. Palm leaves and twigs woven to form a detachable door.

Luo Hut – Round shape. Made of poles, sticks, and grass roof. Walls and floor smeared with mud and cow dung, patterned with ventilation holes.

Improved Traditional Houses

Constructed using a combination of temporary and permanent materials. Unlike traditional houses, they are partitioned.

Modern Houses

More durable, made from strong materials like stones, cement, bricks, metal, and concrete. Examples include:

Bungalow
Mainsonette
Flats or Apartments

Bungalow – All rooms and facilities on the ground floor. Comes in shapes like L, U, and rectangular.

Mainsonette – Houses with two or more floors connected by stairs, occupying less ground space.

Flats or Apartments – Housing units stacked vertically with shared common ground floor.

There are three ways of providing family shelter:

• Renting a house
• Building a house
• Buying an already built house

Advantages of Building

One can:

• Build according to taste and family needs.
• Rent it out to generate income.
• Have an investment for the future.
• Feel permanence and stability.
• Use it as security for loans.
• Alter and renovate it.
• Choose materials used.

Disadvantages

• Expensive
• Quality may be sub-standard without expertise.
• Time-consuming and involving.

Advantages of Buying a House

Available for occupation after purchase.
Choose location and design.
Can be used to secure loans.
Expensive if bought through mortgage.
Risk of repossession if mortgage unpaid.
May not meet all family requirements.

Advantages of Renting a House

Owner responsible for maintenance.
Tenant rents according to income and family size.
Tenant may vacate at will.
Tenant chooses location.
Renting is expensive long-term.
Lacks permanent ownership.
Owner may increase rent.
Cannot modify house.
Repairs may be delayed.

Factors Determining Building a House

1. Family Size
The house should accommodate family members of different sexes and ages.

2. Cost
Choose a house within your means.

3. Social Amenities
House should be near social amenities.

4. Security
Safe locality away from factories, industries, airports, and sewage.

5. Construction
Use durable materials and quality workmanship.

6. Type of Soil
Soil type affects building cost; e.g., black cotton soil is difficult to manage.

7. Drainage
Site should be well drained to avoid flooding and dampness.

8. Orientation
Consider positioning relative to sun and wind direction.

9. Ownership
Ensure legal ownership and compliance with legal requirements.

Care of the Home

Cleaning Equipment
Maintain cleanliness by removing dirt constantly.

Necessary equipment includes:

• Brooms
• Scrubbing brush
• Cobweb brush
• Carpet brush
• Toilet brush
• Buckets and basins
• Dustpan and hand broom
• Mop and mop bucket

State factors to consider when choosing cleaning equipment.

Choice and Care of:

• Brooms and brushes
• Buckets, basins, and karais
• Dustpans
• Labour-saving equipment

Brooms and Brushes

Buy for correct purpose.
Material should be durable.
Bristles firmly fixed.
Head and handle smooth and curved.

Care

Use correctly.
Remove loose dirt after use.
Clean regularly.
Store to avoid damage.
Do not store wet to avoid bad smell.

Basins, Buckets, Karais

Choose durable, lightweight, and easy-to-clean materials.
Wash after use with warm soapy water.
Store in a cool, clean, dry place.
Avoid abrasive cleaners.

Dustpan

Edges smooth.
Flat base.
Durable material.
Clean after use.
Clean weekly with hot soapy water.
Do not bang to avoid losing shape.
Use for intended purpose.

Labour-Saving Equipment

Should be strongly constructed with necessary attachments.
Easy to operate.
Correct voltage.
Have manual and warranty.
Get demonstration.
Ensure after-sales service and spare parts.
Follow instructions.
Empty dust bag occasionally.
Replace brushes when worn.
Store properly.

Types of Kitchen Equipment and Their Use

Kitchen equipment is categorized into three groups:
Small equipment
Large equipment
Labour-saving devices

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to identify various kitchen equipment and their uses.

Small Kitchen Equipment

Classified by function:
Measuring and weighing equipment
Cutting tools
Shaping and molding tools
Separating tools
Lifting, mixing, turning, and scooping tools
Oven/baking utensils
Pans and pots (cooking vessels)

• Measuring and weighing equipment
• Cutting tools
• Knives
• Shaping and molding tools
• Separating tools
• Lifting, turning, scooping, and mixing tools
• Spoons
• Oven/baking utensils
• Pans and pots
• Large kitchen equipment
• Labour-saving devices

Measuring and Weighing Equipment

Cutting tools
Knives
Shaping and molding tools
Separating tools
Lifting, turning, scooping, and mixing tools
Spoons
Oven/baking utensils
Pans and pots
Large kitchen equipment
Labour-saving devices
Food hygiene
Food spoilage and food poisoning

Food spoilage is the deterioration of food, making it unfit for consumption.
Food poisoning is illness caused by eating contaminated food.

Objectives: By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

• Explain causes and prevention of food spoilage and poisoning.
• Identify signs and symptoms of food poisoning.

Causes of Food Poisoning

Chemical contamination
Bacterial contamination
Natural poisoning
Chemical contamination
Pesticides
Using chopping board for meat then fruits without cleaning
Poorly stored maize
Maize with aflatoxins

Causes of Food Spoilage

1. Poor storage of foods
2. Chemicals in food containers, wrappers, and packets
3. Keeping food too long until it rots, wilts, or withers

Cover cooked foods to keep off bacteria, pests, and pets.
Milk should not be stored with strong-smelling foods as it absorbs their smell.

Chemicals in food
Canned meat
Chocolate wrapper
Prolonged storage
Mouldy bread
Rotten meat

Prevention of Food Poisoning and Spoilage

1. Store harmful chemicals away from food.
2. Dry grains thoroughly before storage in clean, dry, ventilated stores.
3. Do not buy expired or near-expiry foods.

4. Wash hands and prepare, cook, and serve food in a clean environment.
5. Wash fruits and vegetables before use.

Signs and Symptoms of Food Poisoning

Violent vomiting
High fever
Severe abdominal pain
Dizziness
Diarrhoea
General body weakness
Shivering

Methods of Cooking

What is Cooking?

Cooking is preparing food by applying heat.

Discuss reasons for cooking food.
Identify different cooking methods.
State general rules for cooking methods.

Why Do We Cook Food?

To improve flavour and appearance.
To kill germs and parasites for safety.
To preserve food.
To make food tender and easy to chew, digest, and absorb.
To improve texture.

Factors Determining Cooking Methods

Type of food.
Personal taste.
Person being cooked for.
Time available.
Cooking equipment.
Number of people.
Money available.

General Rules of Cooking

Two main categories:
Moist heat methods
Dry heat methods

Moist Methods

• Boiling
• Stewing
• Steaming
• Frying

Boiling Method

Cooking food completely immersed in boiling water.

General Rules

Put moist foods in cold water then heat to boil.
Keep water boiling until food is cooked.
Immerse food in water.
Avoid overcooking.

Suggested foods: eggs, meat, starchy foods like sweet potatoes, maize, rice, beans, githeri, bone soup.

Stewing Method

Cooking food in a measured amount of liquid. After boiling, allow to simmer.
Add sufficient liquid for proper consistency.
Use a tight-fitting lid to avoid nutrient loss.
Cook slowly to avoid hardening proteins and damaging texture and flavour.

Suggested foods: tough meat cuts, pears, pineapples, carrots, peas, smoked fish.

Steaming Method

Cooking food using steam from boiling water.
Steaming can be direct or indirect.
Water must be boiling throughout.
Use a tight-fitting lid to retain steam.

Suggested foods: fish, green vegetables, tender meat cuts.

The following video clip shows steaming method of cooking.

Frying Method

Cooking food in hot fat or oil.
Can be deep, shallow, or dry frying.
Use a heavy pan without seams or rivets.
Use good quality oil with high smoking point.
Fill pan 2/3 full to avoid overflow.
Heat oil to correct temperature before adding food.
Do not overload fryer.
Food should be dry or coated to prevent splattering.

Suggested foods: doughnuts, fish, chips, chapatti, pancakes, eggs, meat.

Rules for Frying

Do not fill deep frying oil more than 2/3 full.
Food should be dry or coated.

Doughnuts
Chips
Chapatti
Pancakes
Eggs
Meat

Dry Methods

• Roasting
• Baking

Roasting Method

Cooking food using direct heat from an oven or charcoal fire.
Baste or turn food frequently to keep moist and cook evenly.
Use good quality food like tender meat cuts.
Preheat oven or fire before roasting.

Suggested foods: meat, maize, chicken, potatoes, arrow roots, yams, cassava.

Baking Method

Cooking food using hot dry air in an oven.
Preheat oven.
Observe baking time.
Test readiness before removing.

Suggested foods: potatoes, bread, cakes, fish, biscuits, pastries, pies.

Click at the top to view the video clip on baking.

General Rules for Baking

Potatoes
Bread
Cakes
Fish
Biscuits
Pastries
Pies

Textile Fibres

The following sub-topics will be covered:

1. Classification of Textile Fibres
2. Properties of Textile Fibres

Fibres

Fibres are classified into two main groups:

Natural
Man-made
Wool fibre

Natural Fibres

1. Animal
2. Plant
3. Mineral

Animal Fibres

1. Wool
2. Silk

Plant Fibres

1. Cotton
2. Linen

Man-made Fibres

Fibres not made purely from natural raw materials, classified into:

1. Regenerated
2. Synthetic

Regenerated Fibres

Made from natural fibres treated with chemicals. Include:

1. Viscose Rayon
2. Acetate Rayon

Viscose Rayon

Made from cotton linters and chemicals.

Acetate Rayon

Made from wood pulp and chemicals.

Synthetic Fibres

Made from chemicals derived from coal, oil, or petroleum through polymerisation.

Include:

1. Polyamide
2. Polyester
3. Polyacrylics

Polyamide

Made from benzene (coal), oxygen and nitrogen (air), and hydrogen (water).

Polyester

Derived from petroleum.

Polyacrylics

Produced from acrylonitrile, a liquid derived from petroleum or natural gas.

Elastomerics are elastic, rubber-like substances made from polyurethane.

Properties of Textile Fibres

Properties of Cotton

Cotton is produced from the cotton plant and is a popular natural fibre for personal and household articles.

Desirable qualities:

• Absorbent, suitable for towels and undergarments.
• Strong and withstands friction, ideal for uniforms and bed linen.
• Resistant to mild alkalis and stain removers.
• Withstands high temperatures, suitable for sterilized items.
• Good heat conductor, keeps body cool.
• Does not generate static electricity, clothes do not cling.
• Takes dyes easily, available in many colours.
• Resistant to moth attacks.

Undesirable properties:

• Creases easily
• Shrinks readily
• Yellows with age
• Not resistant to mildew
• Lacks lustre
• Flammable
• Not resistant to strong acids

Properties of Linen

Linen is produced from flax plant stems.

Similar to cotton but:

• Crisp
• Has lustre
• Stronger
• Frays readily

Desirable qualities:

• Used for table linen due to strength and heat resistance.
• Popular in kitchens.
• Absorbent, suitable for hot climates.
• Takes dyes easily.
• Used for household articles like organizers and cushions.

Undesirable properties:

• Creases readily
• Attacked by mildew

Properties of Wool

Wool is hair or fur from animals like sheep, goats, or camels.

Desirable properties:

• Natural crimp makes it warm.
• Resilient and crease-resistant.
• Non-flammable.
• Absorbent.

Properties of Silk

Silk is produced from silk worm secretion.

Desirable properties:

• Very strong, washes and wears well.
• Soft fine lustre, used for evening wear.
• Drapes well.
• Absorbent.
• Resistant to mildew, fungi, and moths.
• Crease-resistant, suitable for travel wear.

Undesirable properties:

• Weak when wet
• Easily damaged by high temperatures
• Weakened by sunlight exposure
• Perspiration weakens it
• Weakened by alkalis and acids

Properties of Mineral Fibres

Asbestos

The most commonly used mineral fibre.

Properties of Asbestos

Resistant to fire and chemicals.
Used for firefighting clothes, hats, gloves, belts, ropes, and insulation for water heaters, fridges, and ovens.

Silver strands are used for decorative clothes and items.

Gold fibres are woven into fabric for decoration.

Properties of Viscose Rayon

Made from wood pulp and chemicals. Properties similar to cotton.

Desirable properties:

Filament fibre producing smooth, lustrous surface.
Used for table cloths and napkins.
Absorbent and cool in hot climates.
Takes dyes well.
Blends easily with cotton and wool, making it crease-resistant and strong.

Undesirable properties:

• Not strong, weaker when wet; avoid twisting, wringing, or rubbing during laundry.
• Scorches when exposed to heat.
• Develops mildew.
• Yellows and rots with prolonged light exposure.

Properties of Synthetic Fibres

Synthetic fibres are made from chemicals derived from coal, oil, or petroleum. Common properties include:

Desirable properties:

• Very strong, used for various items.
• Smooth with lustrous finish.
• Drape well, used for curtains and tablecloths.
• Resilient and crease-resistant.
• Lightweight, good for travel.
• Resistant to sunlight except nylon, which yellows.
• Not attacked by moths, insects, or mildew.

Undesirable properties:

• Not absorbent.
• Develop static electricity, causing cling and dirt attraction.
• Damaged by chlorine bleaches.
• Damaged by high temperatures.
• Abrasion and wear cause pilling (small balls on fabric).