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F 3 GEOGRAPHY

 

STATISTICS

COMPOUND/CUMULATIVE/DIVIDED

BAR GRAPH

Major cash crops exported in Kenya in tonnes

CROP

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

COFFEE

4500

5000

5200

ecolebooks.com

6000

5900

TEA

1300

1100

2500

2100

2200

MAIZE

800

900

500

400

400

WHEAT

600

500

600

700

500

Steps

CROP

1990

CT

1991

CT

1992

CT

1993

CT

1994

COFFEE

4500

4500

5000

5000

5200

5200

6000

6000

5900

TEA

1300

5800

1100

6100

2500

7700

2100

8100

2200

MAIZE

800

6600

900

7000

500

8200

400

8500

400

WHEAT

600

7200

500

7500

600

8800

700

9200

500

TOTAL

7200

7500

8800

9200

9000

  1. Set cumulative totals for the data each year

 

  1. Draw vertical axis(Y) to represent dependent variable
  2. Draw horizontal axis(x) to represent independent variable
  3. Label both axis using suitable scale
  4. Plot the cumulative values for each year
  5. Use values for components to subdivide the cumulative bar
  6. The subdivisions are placed in descending order with the longest at the bottom(coffee)
  7. Shade each component differently
  8. Put title and key

Advantages

  1. Its easy to construct
  2. It has good visual impression
  3. There is easy comparison for the same component in different bars because of uniform shading
  4. Easy to interpret because bars are shaded differently
  5. Total value of the bar can be identified easily

 

Disadvantages

  1. It doesn’t show the trend of components (change over time).
  2. Cant be used to show many components as there is limited space upwards
  3. Tedious as there is a lot of calculation work involved.
  4. Not easy to trace individual contribution made by members of the same bar
  5. Poor choice of vertical scale causes exaggeration of bars length leading to wrong conclusions

 

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Analysis

  • Coffee was the leading export earner in the five years.
  • Tea was the second leading export earner.
  • Wheat had the lowest export quantity.
  • 1993 recorded the highest export quantity.
  • 1990 recorded the lowest export quantity.

    nb-leave ahaif apage for example 2

PIECHART/DIVIDEDCIRCLES/CIRCLE CHARTS

  • A circle which has been subdivided into degrees used to represent statistical data where component values have been converted in degrees.

    Major countries producing commercial vehicles in the world in 000s

USA

FRANCE

JAPAN

UK

GERMANY

RUSSIA

1800

240

2050

400

240

750

Steps

  1. Convert components into degrees

USA 1800×360/5480=118.2◦

FRANCE 240×360/5480=15.8◦

JAPAN 2050×360/5480=134.7◦

UK 400×360/5480=26.3◦

GERMANY 240×360/5480=15.8◦

RUSSIA 750×360/5480=49.3◦

  1. Draw a circle of convenient size using a pair of compasses.
  2. From the centre of the circle mark out each calculated angle using a protractor.
  3. Shade the sectors differently and provide the key for various shadings.

Advantages

  1. Gives a good/clear visual impression
  2. Easy to draw.
  3. Can be used to present varying types of data e.g. minerals, population, etc.
  4. Easy to read and interpret as segments are arranged in descending order and are also well shaded.
  5. Easy to compare individual segments.

Disadvantages

  1. Difficult to interpret if segments are many.
  2. Tedious due to a lot of mathematical calculations and marking out of angles involved.
  3. Can’t be used to show trend/change over a certain period.
  4. Small quantities or decimals may not be easily represented.

Analysis

  1. The main producer of commercial vehicles is Japan.
  2. The second largest producer is USA followed by Russia.
  3. The lowest producers were France and West Germany with.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

PROPORTIONAL CIRCLES

This is use of circles of various sizes to represent different sets of statistical data.

Table showing mineral production In Kenya from year1998-2000

MINERALS

QUANTITY IN TONNES

 

1998

1999

2000

Graphite

200

490

930

Fluorspar

30

255

450

Soda ash

270

300

350

Diamond

500

870

1270

TOTAL

1000

1915

3000

Steps

  1. Determining the radii of circles by finding the square roots of the totals

    1998 √1000=31.62=32

    1999 √1915=43.76=44

    2000 √3000=54.77=55

  2. Scale:1cm represents 10 tonnes

    1998=3.2 cm

    1999=4.4 cm

    2000=5.5 cm

  3. Using a pair of compasses draw circles of different radii representing mineral production in Kenya between 1998 and 2000.
  4. Convert component values into degrees

    Component value/  total value of data×360

    1998: Graphite-200/1000×360=72◦

    Fluorspar-30/1000×360=10.8◦

    Soda ash-270/1000×360=97.2◦

    Diamond-500/1000×360=180◦

    1999: Graphite-490/1915×360=92.1◦

    Fluorspar-255/1915×360=47.9◦

    S䃞艹

    Diamond-870/1915×360=163.6◦

    2000: Graphite-930/3000×360=11.6◦

    Fluorspar-450/3000×360=54◦

    Soda ash-350/3000×360=42.1◦

    Diamond-1270/3000×360=152.3◦

  5. On the proportional circle for each year use a protractor and mark out the angles
  6. Shade the segments and then provide a key.

Advantages

  1. They give a good visual impression.
  2. Easy to compare various components.
  3. Simple to construct.
  4. Easy to interpret as segments are arranged in descending order.
  5. Can be used to present varying types of data.

Disadvantages

  1. Tedious in calculation and measurement of angles
  2. Actual values represented by each component cant be known at a glance
  3. Difficult to accurately measure and draw sectors whose values are too small.
  4. Comparison can be difficult if the circles represent values which are almost equal.

Analysis/Conclusions

  1. Diamond was leading in production.
  2. The second leading mineral in production was graphite.
  3. The mineral with the lowest production was fluorspar.

nb-leave ahaif apage for example 2

 

 

NB;revision questions assignment to be given

 

 

Best end yr regards,

Merry x-mass

By mr H. Geog dpt ibubi 2014

 

 

MAP WORK

Description of Relief

  • Describe the general appearance of the entire area e.g. hilly, mountainous, plain, undulating landscape, has many hills, isolated hills, etc.
  • State the highest and lowest parts of the area.
  • Look out for valleys which are occupied by rivers.
  • Divide into relief regions such as plateau, escarpment and lowland.
  • Explain the type of slop e.g. gentle, steep, even or irregular.
  • Direction of slope.
  • Identify the land forms present in the area.

Gentle Slope

Slope is the gradient of land surface.

Gentle slope is one in which land doesn’t rise or fall steeply

Contours are wide apart

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Steep Slopes

  • Where land rises or falls sharply
  • Contours are close to each other


    Image From EcoleBooks.com

Even Slopes

  • Shown by contours which are evenly spaced.


Image From EcoleBooks.com

Uneven Slopes

  • Indicated by unevenly spaced contours.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Convex Slopes

  • One curved outwards
  • Indicated by contours which are close together at the bottom and widely spaced together at the top.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Concave Slopes

  • One curved inwards.
  • Contours are close together at the top and widely spaced at the bottom.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

A Valley

  • A low area between higher grounds.
  • Indicated by U-shaped contours pointing towards a higher ground.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

A Spur

  • Land which is projected from high to low ground.
  • Indicated by U-shaped contours bulging towards lower ground.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Interlocking Spurs

  • Spurs which appear as if to fit together.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Truncated Spurs

  • Spurs in glaciated highlands whose tips have been eroded and straightened.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Conical Hills

  • Hills are uplands which rise above relatively lower ground
  • Conical hills are small rounded hills

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Irregular Shaped Hills

-A hill with some sides with uneven gentle and others with uneven steep slopes.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Ridges

  • A range of hills with steep slopes on all sides.
  • A ridge can contain hills, cols, passes or water shed.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

A Col

  • A low area which occurs between two hills.

A Pass

  • A narrow steep sided gap in a highland.

A Water Shed

  • The boundary separating drainage
    systems
    which drains into different directions
  • Escarpment and ridges often form water sheds.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Escarpment

  • A relatively continuous line of steep slopes facing the same direction
  • Has two slopes: a long gentle slope (dip slope) and short steep slope (scarp slope).

Image From EcoleBooks.com

A Plateau

  • A high flat land bound by steep slopes.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Description of Vegetation

Natural vegetation is classified as woodlands, thickets, scrubs or grasslands.

Symbols are given as pictures of vegetation.

  • Types present
  • Distribution
  • Reasons for distribution e.g. seasonal streams, scrub or grassland due to low rainfall.
  • Forests

Likely indications of the following in the area:

  • Heavy rainfall
  • Fertile rainfall
  • Cool temperature depending on altitude
  • Thickets and shrubs
    • Seasonal rainfall
    • Poor soil
    • High temperature
  • Riverine trees
    • High moisture content in the river valley

Describing Drainage

  • Identify drainage features present

Natural drainage features include lakes, rivers, swamps, sea, rapids, water falls, cataracts, springs, deltas, fjords, sand or mud, and bays

Artificial features include ponds, wells, boreholes, water holes, cattle dips, cattle troughs, canals, reservoirs, irrigation channels, aqueducts, water treatment plants and man made lakes.

  • Identify main rivers by name
  • Size of rivers-big or small-shown by thickness of blue lines.
  • Give the general direction of flow.
  • Location of water shed if any
  • Characteristic of each feature

a) Permanent Rivers

  • Which flow throughout the year
  • Shown by continuous blue lines

    Image From EcoleBooks.com

Likely indication of:

  • Heavy rainfall
  • Impermeable rocks

b) Seasonal Rivers

  • Which flow seasonally or during the rain season
  • Shown by broken blue lines

    Image From EcoleBooks.com

Likely indication of:

  • Low rainfall
  • River doesn’t have a rich catchment area

c) Disappearing Rivers

Blue lines ending abruptly

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Likely indication of:

  • Permeable rocks
  • Very low rainfall
  • Underground drainage

 

  • Identify drainage patterns and description

-Drainage pattern is the layout of a river and its tributaries on the landscape.

a) Dendritic

-Resembles a tree trunk and branches or veins of a leaf.

-Tributaries join the main river at acute angles.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

a) Trellis

Tributaries join the main river and other tributaries at right angles

of hard and soft rocks)

Common in folded areas where rivers flow downwards separated by vertical uplands.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

b) Rectangular Pattern

-Looks like a large block of rectangles.

-Tributaries tend to take sharp angular bends along their course.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

c) Parallel Pattern

-Rivers and tributaries flow virtually parallel to each other

Influenced by slope

-Common on slopes of high mountain ranges

Image From EcoleBooks.com

d) Centripetal Pattern

-Rivers flow from many directions into a central depression such as a lake, sea or swamp.

-Examples are rivers flowing into some of the Rift Valley lakes such as Nakuru and Bogoria.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

e) Annular Pattern

Streams (rivers which are small in size) are arranged in series of curves about a basin or crater

It’s controlled by the slope.

f) Radial

-Resembles the spikes of a bicycle

-Formed by rivers which flow downwards from a central point in all directions such as on a volcanic cone e.g. on Mt. Kenya, Elgon and Kilimanjaro.

Image From EcoleBooks.com

g) Fault –Guided Pattern

  • Flow of river is guided by direction of fault lines

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Human/Economic Activities

Description of Human Activities

  • Identify types
  • Evidence –man made features
  • Reasons e.g. tea-cool temps and heavy rainfall

Agriculture

a) Plantation farming

Evidenced by presence of:

-“C”-coffee

-Named estates e.g. Kaimosi tea estate

b) Small scale crop farming

  • Cotton ginnery or sheds
  • Coffee hullerlies
  • Posho mills for maize, millet, sorghum
  • Tea factory/store

Livestock Farming

  • Dairy farms
  • Veterinary stations
  • Cattle dips
  • Creameries
  • Water holes
  • Dams
  • Butcheries
  • Slaughter houses

Mining

  • Symbol for a mine/mineral works
  • Name of the mine
  • Particular mineral e.g. soda ash
  • Quarry symbol
  • Processing plant of a mineral e.g. cement indicates cement is mined in that area

Forestry/Lumbering

  • Saw mills
  • Forest reserves
  • Forest station
  • Forest guard post
  • Roads ending abruptly into a forest estate used to transport logs to saw mills

Fishing

  • Fish traps
  • Fishing co-operative society
  • Fish ponds
  • Fish hatcheries
  • Fisheries department
  • Fish landing grounds(banda)

Manufacturing/Processing Industry

  • Saw mills for lumber products
  • Ginnery for cotton processing
  • Mill for maize, millet, wheat processing
  • Creameries for milk processing
  • Factory for manufacturing or processing a known commodity.

Services

a) Trade

  • Shops
  • Markets
  • Stores
  • Trading centres

b) Transport

i) Land

  • Roads
  • All weather roads- which are used all year round i.e. tarmac and murrum roads.
  • Dry weather roads- which are used reliably during dry seasons.
  • Motorable trucks- rough roads which are used by people on foot and by vehicles on dry season.
  • Other trucks and foot paths
  • Railways, station, sliding, level crossing lines and railways light

ii) Air

  • Air fields
  • Airports
  • Air strips

iii) Water

  • Ferries
  • Bridges

c) Communication

  • Post offices(P.O.)
  • Telegraph(T.G.)
  • Telephone lines(T)

d) Tourism

  • Camping sites
  • Tourist class hotels and restaurants
  • National parks
  • Game reserves
  • Curio shops
  • Museums
  • Historical monuments

e) Administration

  • DO, DC, PC, police post, chiefs camp.

Social Services

a) Religious Services

  • Church
  • Mosque
  • Temples

b) Education

  • Schools
  • Colleges
  • Universities

c) Health Services

  • Hospitals
  • Dispensaries

    d) Recreational Services

  • Golf clubs/courses
  • Stadiums

Description of Settlement

A settlement is a place with housing units where people live together

  • Densely distributed settlements- high concentration of settlements(black dots)
  • Moderately distributed settlements- settlements moderate in quantity
  • Sparsely distributed settlements-few settlements spread over a large area.
  • Very sparse if very few
  • Identify type of settlement patterns present
  • Type of Settlements

a) Rural settlements

Consist of villages and homesteads and homesteads in which people are involved in subsistence agriculture and traditional activities such as pottery weaving, curving, etc.

b) Urban settlement

Consist of dense permanent and sometimes high buildings and population engaged in non agricultural activities such as industrial activities.

Factors Influencing Settlement

1. Physical Factors

a) Climate

Areas with moderate temps and adequate rainfall are densely settled while those with extremely low or high temps have fewer settlements.

b) Relief

Terrain: Steep slopes are less settled due to thin soils and difficulty to erect buildings.

Aspect: Slopes facing away from the sun in high latitudes are less settled than those facing the sun.

Wind ward slopes of mountains on the path of rain bearing winds are more settled due to heavy rainfall making them ideal for agriculture.

c)
Drainage

Rivers and springs attract settlements because they provide clean water.

Areas with drainage swamps are less settled because it’s difficult to erect buildings and they also harbour mosquitoes and snails which cause diseases.

d) Vegetation

Dense forests discourage settlements because of wild animals and also harbour disease vectors such as tsetse flies e.g. Miombo woodland of Tanzania and Lambwe valley in Kenya.

e) Pests and diseases

Areas prone to pests and diseases are less settled because people like to live in healthy environment.

f) Natural resources

Settlements start where there is mineral extraction. e.g. Magadi

Lakes with abundant fish may also attract settlement.

g) Human Factors

i) Political factors

  • 1967 TZ settled peoples in villages and the rest of land was left for farming (Ujamaa villages)
  • After independence Kenya settled its landless in settlement schemes e.g. Mwea, Laikipia, Nyandarua.
  • Settlement of refugees in refugee camps due to political upheavals

ii) Historical factors

  • Weaker communities were forced to move elsewhere by wars.
  • Settlement of communities in strategic sites such as hilltops or plateaus to see approaching enemies e.g. Fulani of Nigeria in Jos plateau.

iii) Cultural factors

  • Farming communities settled in agriculturally productive areas.
  • Pastoralists settle in areas with enough land to provide pasture for their animals at ease.

iii) Economic factors

  • Rural to urban migration for employment and trading.
  • Mining activities may lead to development of settlements e.g. Magadi due to trona mining.

 

Types of Settlements Patterns

  • Nucleated/Clustered Settlement Pattern

Image From EcoleBooks.com

  • Buildings are close to each other

    Factors

    • Availability of social amenities such as schools and health care
    • Shortage of building land
    • Favourable climate leading to high agricultural potential e.g. Kenya highlands.
    • Fertile soils.
    • Presence of natural resources e.g. minerals in Magadi, Mwadui, Kimberly.
    • Security concern especially in banditry prone areas

 

b) Linear Settlement

Image From EcoleBooks.com

  • Buildings are arranged in a line
    • Presence of a transport line e.g. road or railway.
    • Presence of a river or a spring to provide water for domestic or commercial use
    • Presence of a coast line which has a favourable fishing ground e.g. shore of E. African coast.
    • Suitable terrain for cultivation of crops such as at the foot of a scarp

c) Dispersed/Scattered Settlement

  • Buildings are scattered
    • Plenty of land to build whenever they want
    • Avoidance of harsh climate e.g. arid and semi-arid areas.
    • Poor infertile soils.
    • Pests and diseases.
    • Physical features such as ridges, valleys which separate houses.

 

Image From EcoleBooks.com

d) Radial Pattern

Image From EcoleBooks.com

Buildings are arranged like a star

-Common at cross roads where housing units point in all directions.

Enlargement and Reduction of Maps

Steps

  1. Identify the area requiring to be enlarged
  2. Measure its length and width
  3. Multiply (E) or divide (R) the by the number of times given. The scale also changes e.g.1:50000/2(enlarged)×2(reduced)
  4. Draw the new frame with new dimensions
  5. Insert the grid squares e.g. 2×2cm, 2/2, etc.
  6. Draw diagonals on the frame
  7. Transfer features exactly where they were

    Drawing a Cross Section/Profile

-Line drawn on a piece of paper showing the nature of relief of a particular area.

Steps

  1. Identify the given points and name them A and B
  2. Joint point A and B using a pencil
  3. Take a piece of paper and fold it into two parts
  4. Place the papers edge along the line joining A and B
  5. Mark all contours and their heights
  6. Mark features along A-B e.g. R- river, H- hill, M- mountain
  7. Determine the highest and lowest contour height to determine the appropriate vertical scale
  8. Draw horizontal axis and mark it A-B
  9. Draw vertical axis from A to B

10. Place the edge of folded paper along horizontal axis

11. Use values along vertical axis to plot contour heights. Remember to show features marked along A-B

12. Join plotted points using smooth curve (cross

Section)

13. Include title on top vertical and horizontal map scale.

Calculation and Interpretation of Vertical Exaggeration and Gradient

Vertical Exaggeration

Number of times that the vertical scale is larger than horizontal scale

V.E. =Denominator of H.S. /D. of V.S. (cross section scale.

e.g. V.S. =1:20M

H.S=1:50000

 

V.E.=50000/20×100 (To convert into cm) =25

Interpretation

The vertical height has been exaggerated 25 times compared to the horizontal distance

Intervisibility

Ability of one place to be seen from another

Steps

  • Draw cross section
  • Join points A-B using visibility line
  • If the visibility line is above the cross section, the two points are intervisible. If below they are not intervisible.

 

Gradient

Degree of steepness of a slope between two given points

STEPS

  1. Identify the two points
  2. Calculate difference in height between the two points(Vertical Interval) e.g. 500m
  3. Joint them with a light line
  4. Measure ground distance between the two points(Horizontal Equivalent)e.g.12 cm

G=V.I./H.E.

=500×100/12×50000=50000/600000=1/12=1:12

Interpretation

For every 12 m travelled on the Ground, there is a vertical rise of 1m

 

 

 

 

 

 


 




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1 Comment

  • Twauni Abbas, September 15, 2023 @ 2:04 pm Reply

    Notes of statistics

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