History and Government Form 1 Notes : CHAPTER 6. CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD UP TO THE 19TH CENTURY.

CHAPTER 6.

CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.

The early visitors to the Kenya Coast before the 15^th century were Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, Phoenicians, Indians, Chinese, and Arabs. The main reason for the coming of these early visitors was to trade with the people of the East African coast.

The commodities traders obtained from the interior of East Africa and exported to the outside world (e.g., from present-day Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania) were ivory, rhinoceros horns, leopard skins and skins from many other animals, ostrich feathers, copper, slaves, tortoise shells, gold, and ambergris.

The commodities the people of East Africa obtained from the outside world (e.g., from India, China, Arabia, Egypt) were spices, cowrie shells, drugs, swords/daggers, salt, porcelain cups and bowls, glassware, rugs and carpets, beads, cloth, sugar, and mats.

The Indian Ocean trade up to 1500 AD

The evidence which may clarify that early visitors reached the Kenya coast

There have been many remains of Greek and Chinese coins along the East African coast, especially in towns such as Malindi, Mombasa, Lamu, Gedi, and Jumba la Mtwana which declined. These have been collected and some of them preserved and displayed in the Fort Jesus museum. There are also fragments of Chinese pottery, including broken Chinese cups, jars, and bowls made of porcelain.

Archaeological findings along the coast reveal that foreigners visited towns along the coast and traded with people in those towns. Evidence includes remains of items excavated. There are some written documents which mention the coast of East Africa, for instance, the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea and Geography written by Ptolemy.

The Arabs have lived along the East African coast for a long period. This is clear and undoubted evidence that early visitors came to the East African coast up to the 19^th century.

Reasons why trade developed between the East African coast and Asia before the 19^th century

Trade developed between the East African coast and Asia before the 19^th century due to the availability of goods traders from both sides needed. Goods from East Africa were highly demanded in Asia while there was a high demand for Asian goods in East Africa. The monsoon winds enabled the traders to travel by the use of dhows.

There was relative political stability of the Kenyan coastal city-states because rulers such as Seyyid Said ensured that peace prevailed and that traders were secure. The East African coast was easily accessible by sea due to the existence of natural harbours such as the old Mombasa harbour and Malindi harbour where dhows could anchor.

The trade developed also due to the establishment of strong trade links between East Africa and Asia.

How the trade between the East African coast and the outside world was organised before 1500

The coastal Arab and Swahilis obtained trade commodities from the interior communities such as the Akamba, Baganda, Yao, and the Nyamwezi. The trading commodities were copper, gold, ivory, leopard skins, rhino horns, tortoise shells, and ostrich feathers.

The coastal Arab and Swahilis exchanged the commodities by giving African traders items such as beads, sugar, salt, cloth, glassware, daggers, cowrie shells, and porcelain cups. The form of exchange was barter.

The Arab traders either transported the items across the Indian Ocean themselves or sold them to other Asian traders who were mainly Chinese, Greeks, Indians, or fellow Arabs. These traders used dhows which sailed to East Africa between November and April and to Asia between June and October.

The East Coast traders

Why some Arabs migrated from Arabia to the East African coast

Some Arabs came to trade with the people along the East African coast. Others came to trade with the people of East Africa.

Some Arabs came as refugees. They were escaping political and religious persecutions in Arabia after the death of Prophet Mohammed. Some came to the East African coast to establish settlements. Some came for adventure. A few came to explore the East African coast.

The impact of the Indian Ocean trade on the people of East Africa

East African coastal towns

The Indian Ocean trade took place for a long period along the East African coast. As a result, towns were established along the East African coast such as Malindi, Mombasa, Lamu, Kilifi, and Gedi.

There was intermarriage between the foreigners such as Arabs and different African communities at the coast. This was promoted by socialisation in the towns. The East African people adopted Asiatic architecture; for example, they began building rectangular stone houses.

The Indian Ocean trade led to the spread of Islamic culture along the Kenyan coast. For instance, coastal people began wearing Arabic dress, building mosques, and converting to Islam. It led to the spread of the Kiswahili language. By 1500 it had become the main language of the coast. New crops were introduced, for instance, rice and coconut. It stimulated commercial activities between different communities in the interior, for example trade between the Akamba and the Mijikenda, also trade between the Baganda in Uganda and the Nyamwezi in Tanzania.

The Arabs were able to control the East African coast and use Islamic law in their administration. The trade led to the emergence of a class of prosperous traders who controlled trade.

The Indian Ocean trade also led to the development of the East African slave trade. African inhabitants acquired foreign goods, e.g., cloth, beads, and glassware from traders. Trade routes developed, e.g., the one from Mombasa to Ukambani, and one from Bagamoyo to Nyamwezi land and going north to Buganda. Many African people suffered due to the slave trade. Many others died.

The Indian Ocean trade stimulated European interest in the East African coast which eventually led to the colonisation of East Africa. The East African coast became known to the outside world and it also strengthened ties with India and the Far East.

How slave traders were obtaining slaves in East Africa during the slave trade

Slave merchants were exchanging slaves with other goods like cloth, beads, and guns.

They were kidnapping free men and selling them as slaves. Slave traders were conducting raids to capture slaves. This was very common with the Yao and the Nyamwezi communities in Tanzania.

Slave traders were also organising intercommunity wars, and the community which was defeated had the war captives sold as slaves. Criminals were being sold by rulers, and this was regarded as punishment for lawbreakers. Children were being enticed with sweets and then captured. After being captured, they were sent to the slave market in Zanzibar for sale.

The slave market in Zanzibar

The East African slave trade was mainly rampant in the 19^th century and it left the region very different from the way it was before. Slave raids resulted in the death of many innocent Africans. A lot of property was destroyed by being burnt during slave raids.

There was a lot of suffering by those children and women whose families were broken. Slave trade settlements were established at Bagamoyo and Frere Town near Mombasa.

Some communities which depended on slave trade expanded. Such communities were the Nyamwezi and the Yao in Tanzania. It encouraged the development of trade merchants such as Tippu Tip, Msiri, and Kivoi. East Africa was depopulated as a result of slave trade. It opened the interior for trade with other items such as ivory in exchange for beads, cloth, and firearms.

Slave trade contributed to the spread of Islam and Kiswahili language in the interior. African traditional industries such as pottery, weaving, and iron smelting were abandoned due to constant raids. African communities who were raided and whose families were broken were forced to flee, and this affected African cultures.

Reasons why the Portuguese came to the East African coast

The Portuguese came to conquer the Arabs who had attacked and conquered the Christians in Spain and Portugal, and they also wished to spread Christianity along the East African coast. They wanted to look for a legendary Prester John, who was believed to be living in Ethiopia and who could assist them to conquer Arabs.

The Portuguese wanted to trade with the coastal traders. Vasco da Gama landed at Malindi to be provided with a guide who would show him the way to India. Others like Alfonzo de Almeida came to conquer the coastal towns and acquire the wealth of those prosperous towns. Some came to settle along the coast in towns such as Malindi and Mombasa. The Portuguese, for example, built and settled in Fort Jesus in Mombasa.

Why the Portuguese developed interest on the East African coast after 1550

1. East Africa provided bases for Portuguese ships and troops.
2. To levy tributes (taxes) from the wealthy coastal merchants.
3. To look for ways and means of controlling the Indian Ocean trade.
4. To capture the Sofala gold trade.
5. To take control of the East coast in order to use it as a strategic base as they controlled all trade to Europe.
6. To prevent the Turks and the Egyptians from acquiring support from the East coast in case of war with the Portuguese.
7. The East coast of Africa provided natural harbours where Portuguese ships could easily anchor before proceeding to India.
8. The climate of the East coast of Africa was conducive to the Portuguese men and they could also obtain fresh water and food before they continued their journey to India.

The Portuguese and Arab sea routes

The Portuguese conquest of the East Coast of Africa up to 1510

Fransisco d’Almeida

Alvares Pedro Cabral led an expedition in 1500 to capture Sofala but failed. In 1502 Vasco da Gama led an expedition which resulted in the conquest of Kilwa.

In 1503, Ruy Lourenco Ravasco led an expedition against Zanzibar which he conquered and forced to pay tribute. In 1505, Fransisco de Almeida led an expedition of 20 ships and 1500 soldiers which conquered Kilwa, Mombasa, and Sofala. Brava attempted to resist but it was routed and then burnt.

In 1506, Pate and the East coast were now under the control of the Portuguese.

It is important to note that – The Portuguese after conquering the Arabs began establishing their rule which lasted for 200 years. The Portuguese headquarters along the East Coast were Mozambique and Mombasa. Each of these headquarters was under a Captain who was answerable to the Viceroy stationed at Goa in India. The duties of the captain were:

1. To collect tribute from the local rulers.
2. To suppress resistance or rebellion.
3. To supervise the ruling families in the city states.
4. To impose custom duties on import and exports.
5. To represent the Viceroy on the East coast of Africa.

Reasons why the Portuguese were able to conquer the Kenya coast easily

The Portuguese took a short time to conquer the East Coast of Africa after Vasco da Gama’s visit on his way to India. The reasons for their success were as follows:

1. The city states which resisted were severely punished so as to discourage others from resisting.
2. The Wazimba who were cannibals (they ate people) assisted the Portuguese to conquer the Arabs so that they could feed on their flesh.
3. The Portuguese frequently organised and carried out surprise attacks on Arab settlements.
4. The ruler (Sultan) of Malindi collaborated with the Portuguese and helped them to fight fellow city states.
5. The coastal city states were disunited.
6. The Portuguese were better militarily trained and equipped. They used very powerful guns and cannons.
7. The natural harbours in Mombasa and Malindi provided the Portuguese with bases for their ships and troops.
8. The Portuguese constantly acquired reinforcement from their mother country or from their base in Goa in India.
9. The Portuguese troops fought with determination with the aim of establishing a Portuguese empire in the East.
10. The Portuguese used strong and superior ships compared with the Arab dhows which were driven by wind.

Why the Portuguese rule and power along the coast declined

The rivals of the Portuguese during the period they controlled the East African coast were the Egyptians, the British, Turks, Persians, Oman Arabs, and the East African Coastal Arabs.

There was intense rivalry from the British and the Dutch. The coast was invaded by Muslim nations such as Oman and Turkey. The city states organised constant rebellions against the Portuguese. The Portuguese administrators were corrupt and inefficient.

The people of Malindi refused to support the Portuguese because the Portuguese authority had mistreated them. The Portuguese never at any time united with coastal inhabitants to develop the coast. Instead, the inhabitants were always suspicious of the Portuguese who also never trusted them. Revenue from gold declined. The Portuguese were also affected by the decline of the Indian Ocean trade because it was the main source of income for maintaining their empire.

Portugal was weakened by its union with Spain. It was annexed by Spain between 1590 and 1640. Portugal was also too small to provide enough soldiers and administrators. For this reason, Portuguese soldiers were defeated and driven out of Fort Jesus by the Oman Arabs after a siege lasting 33 months.

Fort Jesus

The impact of the Portuguese administration on the coast of East Africa

Positive impact

1. The Portuguese introduced new crops such as sweet potatoes, groundnuts, cassava, maize, pawpaws, and pineapples.
2. The Portuguese built Fort Jesus which is today used as a museum.
3. The Portuguese introduced the use of bird droppings called “Guano” as a way of increasing soil fertility. They also introduced crop rotation.
4. Portuguese words contributed to the Kiswahili language, e.g., the word ‘mvinyo’.
5. The Portuguese architecture was borrowed by coastal inhabitants.
6. The Portuguese directly linked the Kenya coast with India.
7. The Portuguese Christians tried to introduce Christianity to the coastal dwellers although they failed totally.

Negative impact

1. Frequent attacks and wars between the Portuguese and the coastal inhabitants led to loss of lives of many people.
2. Property was destroyed as the Portuguese burnt the coastal towns to punish rebels.
3. Traditional industries declined along the coast.
4. Coastal towns declined. Some, for instance Gedi and Jumba La Mtwana, never recovered even after the Portuguese power declined.
5. The Portuguese affected the culture of the coastal people.
6. The economic development of the coast was retarded due to destruction of towns, burning of crops, and rooting by Portuguese.
7. Slave trade was intensified as a result of acquisition of firearms.
8. The coastal people suffered a lot due to frequent attacks by the Portuguese.
9. Hatred developed between the coastal people and the Portuguese and also between the coastal city states.
10. The Portuguese introduced dangerous weapons, e.g., guns.

How Seyyid Said’s rule encouraged development of plantation agriculture on the East African coast

Seyyid Said made Zanzibar his capital in 1840 and from there he controlled the East coast towns and the Indian Ocean trade which was an international trade. Having established political control over coastal city states, Seyyid Said appointed governors (Liwalis) to control the city states on his behalf.

The Oman Arabs settled along the East African coast and began developing grain plantations around Malindi and Takaungu and also coconut plantations around Mombasa. Slave labour was used to work in the plantations. This practice therefore became the major cause of increased slave trade in East Africa in the 19^th century.

Seyyid Said encouraged more and more wealthy Arab and Swahili settlers to acquire land around Mombasa, Malindi, and Lamu and establish more plantations. The food produced was sold in Oman as well as in the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba which were mainly growing cloves.

When Seyyid Said signed the Hammerton Treaty in 1845 and forbade export of slaves from Africa, the supply of slave labour on the coastal plantations increased. This was followed by the production of more rice, maize, millet, and beans than ever before such that by 1870 the Kenyan coast had become the granary of East Africa.

The factors which enabled Seyyid Said to establish the Oman rule on the East African coast

The Portuguese were driven out of Fort Jesus by the Oman Arabs who then replaced them as the new rulers. Seyyid Said appointed governors (Liwali) to help him administer Oman from 1806 to 1840. In 1840 Seyyid Said transferred his capital to Zanzibar and he was able to rule the coast from close quarters.

Seyyid Said overcame the rebellious Mazrui governors before he transferred to establish his capital in Zanzibar.

Note that – Seyyid Said chose Zanzibar to be his capital because:

1. It had a good climate for crop growing.
2. It had a deep natural harbour where ships could anchor.
3. Zanzibar had fresh water.
4. It had fertile soils for cultivation.
5. It was close to the coast where he ruled and strategically placed.
6. Zanzibar was convenient for trade with the mainland.
7. Zanzibar had supported the efforts of Seyyid Said to control the East African coast.

The impact of the Oman rule on the East African coast

1. Establishment of the Oman rule led to the establishment of clove plantations in Zanzibar and Pemba.
2. It led to the development of slave trade at the coast because slaves were used as labourers in the plantations.
3. It led to the establishment of a commercial empire along the East African coast.
4. It stimulated the development of the long-distance trade among the Yao, Akamba, and the Nyamwezi of Tanzania.
5. It led to the growth and expansion of towns like Kilwa, Pemba, and Zanzibar.
6. The Swahili culture was intensified along the coast.
7. It led to the establishment of a strong political empire under the rule of the Sultans at the coast.
8. The Indian traders (Banyans) introduced the Rupee as the currency for use along the East African coast.
9. The slave trade which was intensified by the Oman rulers broke down families in most of the areas where raids took place. There was also suffering and loss of property due to burning of houses during raids.

The development of the long distance trade in East Africa

Trade between the Kenya Coast and other outside countries began very early. It was in the 19^th century that this trade expanded rapidly especially during the rule of Seyyid Said. This international trade led to the development of the long-distance trade.

The long-distance trade involved trade between the East Coast of Africa and the interior. It developed due to the demand for slaves in Arabia and the demand for ivory in Europe. The people involved in this trade were mainly the Akamba and the Mijikenda of Kenya, the Nyamwezi and Yao of Tanzania, the coastal Arabs and the Swahilis, and the Baganda of Uganda.

The main commodities of trade obtained in the interior of East Africa in the 19^th century were ivory and slaves which were in great demand at the coast. These were exchanged with cloth, beads, glassware utensils, ironware, and carpets. The Arab and Swahili traders were at first waiting for trade goods to be supplied to them at the coast but later in the 1860s they started penetrating into the interior. They took control of the long-distance trade from the Africans such as the Akamba and the Nyamwezi and they travelled into the interior as far as Buganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The traders moved in caravans for security reasons. The goods they obtained were shipped across the Indian Ocean and taken to Asian countries such as India, Persia, Arabia, and China.

The factors which facilitated the Akamba long distance trade

The Akamba began the long-distance trade due to the existence of prominent personalities like Kivoi who attracted a large following of men who regarded him as their leader and accompanied him during trading expeditions. The Akamba geographical position gave them the advantage of being the middlemen between the coastal traders and the communities in central Kenya who provided ivory.

Many parts of Kambaland were not suitable for agriculture because of being hilly, rocky, sandy and also because of receiving inadequate rain and having very poor soils. The second quarter of the 19^th century was associated with drought and famine in Ukambani which forced the Akamba to engage themselves in the long-distance trade.

The Akamba were experienced traders having acquired trading skills in the local and intercommunity trade. There was no competition because the coastal traders did not venture in the interior for trade because they feared the Maasai warriors. The Akamba gave false stories about the fierceness of the people of the interior. This scared away foreigners from entering the interior.

Organisation of the Akamba long distance trade

The Akamba were organised into trading and hunting groups. The hunters killed animals such as elephants to obtain ivory. They also obtained hides and skins. The traders organised themselves into caravans consisting of about 700 people who included slaves, porters, and the traders themselves.

The form of trade was at first barter system before the introduction of currency. Traders moved into the interior as far as Lake Baringo and Samburu. There were resting places between Ukambani and the Coast such as Mariakani. At first the Akamba acted as middlemen between the coastal traders and the people of the interior. Later the coastal traders such as Arabs and Swahilis began penetrating into the interior.

The Akamba trade links

Factors which contributed to the decline of the Akamba long distance trade

There was competition from Arab and Swahili traders who affected the middleman position of the Akamba. The Kikuyu and the Embu refused to trade with the Akamba because the Akamba raided them to obtain slaves. The Akamba were raided by the Oromo and the Maasai; therefore, the Kamba trading activity was no longer secure. The interior communities began taking their trade goods to the coast therefore ignoring the Kamba middlemen position.

The European occupation and the abolition of slave trade undermined Akamba long distance trade even further. After the slave trade was abolished it became difficult to transport ivory to the coast. Also the number of elephants had become drastically reduced making this trade uneconomical.

The stories the Akamba gave to scare the foreign traders from going to the interior were proved untrue. As a result of this the Akamba trade ceased to thrive.

The impact of the Akamba long distance trade on the people of Kenya

1. The Akamba long distance trade made foreign traders aware of the wealth of Kenya. The first to come and spy about this wealth were traders and explorers. This later contributed to colonisation by the Europeans.
2. The people of the interior developed a taste for imported foreign goods such as cloth, beads, glassware, and ironware. They started exchanging ivory, hides, and skins with the coastal traders to obtain them.
3. It stimulated local and intercommunity trade.
4. The Akamba long distance trade contributed to the expansion of slave trade because slaves were used to carry ivory.
5. The long distance trade gave rise to prosperous and well-known merchants like Kivoi and Ngonyo.
6. The Wanga kingdom was strengthened due to acquisition of wealth and firearms.
7. The interior was opened for trade with the coastal Arabs and Swahilis.
8. The traders developed good communication between the interior and the coast.
9. It enabled Islam and Swahili culture to penetrate into the interior through Kamba converts.
10. New crops such as mangoes, rice, and bananas were introduced into the interior of Kenya.
11. Akamba borrowed aspects of other cultures from the trading partners.

Development of international trade

It was the efforts of Seyyid Said in Zanzibar which enabled East Africa to get involved in international trade in the 19^th century. The foreign traders from USA, Britain, and France signed commercial treaties with Seyyid Said which enabled them to open consulates in Zanzibar.

Seyyid Said also invited the Indian Banyans and allowed them to settle and participate in trade with the other foreign traders.

The international trade developed due to the following factors:

1. Seyyid Said created commercial relations with foreign countries after signing treaties with Britain, France, Germany, and USA.
2. The traders were provided with funds to boost trade. The Indian Banyans loaned traders along the East African Coast.
3. Seyyid Said who was a powerful ruler maintained peace and political stability along the East African coast therefore creating a conducive atmosphere for trade.
4. Industrial Revolution which occurred in Britain in the 19^th century brought about a high demand for raw materials from East Africa.
5. The people of East Africa demanded foreign manufactured goods therefore creating a ready market for foreign goods.
6. The people of the East African coast were experienced in trade because they had traded with the people of Asia many years before the 19^th century.
7. The East African coast with its natural harbours and good climate attracted many foreign traders.
8. There existed a class of wealthy traders who promoted trade.

Impact of international trade on the people of East Africa

1. The East African slave trade was boosted through introduction of ammunitions such as guns.
2. The foreign traders paved the way for colonisers who took control of East Africa.
3. The traders opened up the interior of East Africa, which encouraged the missionaries to penetrate into the interior to stop slave trade and spread Christianity.
4. The people of East Africa developed a taste for imported goods such as guns, cloth, and ironware.
5. The trade led to the growth of urban centres.
6. East African coast was exposed to the outside world.

The Spread of Christianity in East Africa

The Portuguese were the first foreigners to attempt to spread Christianity in East Africa but totally failed. The Christian missionaries of the 19^th century from Germany and Britain succeeded in spreading Christianity and winning converts in East Africa. They established mission schools, hospitals, and churches which contributed a lot to the spread of Christianity.

The Christian missionary societies which established mission stations in Africa were Church Missionary Society (CMS), the London Missionary Society (LMS), the Baptist Mission Society, the Bremen Society, the Basel Missionary Society, the Scottish Missionary Society, the Church of England Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, and the Universities Mission to Central Africa.

The spread of Missionary activity in East Africa

Why the Christian Missionaries came to East Africa

The Christian missionaries came to East Africa in order to:

• Carry out exploration activities.
• Spread Christianity.
• Civilize Africans.
• Abolish slave trade and slavery.
• Spread western education and culture.
• Introduce legitimate trade in areas where slave trade was abolished.
• Introduce better health services.

The activities of the Christian Missionaries in East Africa in the 19th century

The Christian missionaries who came to East Africa in the 19^th Century were engaged in training freed slaves on how to contribute in the spread of Christianity, spreading Christianity, and converting the local people to be followers of Christianity.

They were also engaged in establishing churches, schools, hospitals, and dispensaries. They also translated the Bible into African languages and paved the way for European colonisation.

The missionaries also helped to eradicate slave trade and slavery by advocating the evils associated with this inhuman trade to the British Government.

The factors which contributed to the spread of Christianity in East Africa in the 19th century

1. The Christian missionaries were given support by Seyyid Said. He gave them letters which introduced them to the governors of the coastal towns.
2. Some African traditional rulers such as Nabongo Mumia of Wanga in western Kenya, Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda, and Mirambo of Nyamwezi were friendly to the missionaries.
3. The establishment of many mission schools and churches helped in winning more converts.
4. Missionaries studied African languages and made it easy for them to translate the Bible into local languages; e.g., Kikamba, Kirabai, and Kiswahili.
5. Freed slaves from ‘FRERE TOWN’ who served as catechists helped much in the spread of Christianity.
6. Development of transport and communication e.g., railways and roads made it easier for the missionaries to venture deep into the interior of Kenya.
7. When Quinine was discovered it enabled the missionaries to venture into the interior without fear of malaria.
8. The peace which prevailed in East Africa during the colonial period encouraged the spread of Christianity. This peace was as a result of abolition of slave trade and establishment of colonial rule which marked the end of intercommunity wars.

The problems which the missionaries in East Africa encountered before the attainment of independence

1. Language barrier was an obstacle to the spread of Christianity.
2. There were problems of transport and communication because even at the eve of independence very few areas were served by railway lines and roads.
   1. Missionaries suffered from tropical diseases like malaria.
   2. Missionaries lacked adequate capital to maintain and sustain them.
3. There was severe opposition from Islam, which had already spread along the East African coast.
4. The missionaries were attacked by hostile African communities such as the Nandi of Kenya.
5. Sometimes due to lack of security the property of the missionaries was stolen.
6. There was rivalry between different missionary groups which resulted in hatred and disunity.
7. Missionaries encountered shortages of essential human requirements like food and water.
8. African communities opposed missionaries who interfered with their culture and way of life.
   1. They were attacked by slave traders.

The contributions of Christian Missionaries to the welfare of the people of East Africa

Missionaries established schools and taught Africans how to read and write. They provided modern medical services by establishing hospitals and dispensaries. Missionaries advocated for the abolition of slave trade and slavery and they established freed slave settlements and used freed slaves to spread Christianity.

Missionaries spread Christianity and made many converts. They translated the Bible into African languages such as Kikamba, Kirabai, and Kiswahili. The missionaries also contributed a lot in the development of transport and communication by building roads to serve mission stations.

The Christian missionaries helped to eradicate some inhuman practices such as human sacrifice and tried to discourage witchcraft. They introduced new crops such as tea, coffee, cotton, and pyrethrum and new better methods of farming.

The results of the Christian missionary activities in East Africa

The missionaries translated the Bible into native languages such as Kiswahili, Kikamba, and Kirabai. They converted Africans to Christianity. Those converted abandoned traditional customs such as polygamy and human sacrifice.

The Christian Missionaries introduced Western education and civilization. They also established medical services by establishing hospitals and dispensaries which improved the welfare of the Africans and reduced death rate.

The missionaries explored part of Kenya and reported their findings to their mother countries. This contributed to the colonization of Kenya and the rest of East African countries. The Christian Missionaries also experimented with new crops such as coffee. They also introduced new methods of farming.

Transport and communication means were developed especially those which served the mission centres. Such means were roads and telephone lines. They collected useful information concerning the customs and the institutions of African communities. For instance, Dr. Krapf studied and recorded the customs of the Mijikenda. This information is very useful for reconstructing history today.

Review Questions

1. Why did the early foreigners visit the East African coast before 1500 AD?
2. i) How was the trade between the East African coast and the outside world organised before 1900 AD?
   ii) What factors contributed to the development of the above trade?
3. i) Identify the problems the Portuguese encountered along the East African coast.
   ii) Show the ways the Portuguese tried to evade those problems.
4. a) Discuss the positive and negative impact of the Portuguese administration on the East African coast.
   b) Give all the reasons for the decline of the coastal towns during the Portuguese era.
5. Explain the contribution of Seyyid Said in East Africa.
6. Describe the factors which facilitated the spread of Christianity in East Africa.

CHAPTER 7.

CITIZENSHIP

A citizen is someone who is legally recognised as belonging to a particular country or state. Citizenship is therefore the act of legally belonging to a particular country or state. This provides the individual with legal rights to belong to that country.

The way one can become a Kenyan citizen

a) Citizenship by birth

• One qualifies to be a Kenyan citizen automatically if he or she is born in Kenya and his or her parents are Kenyan citizens at the date of his or her birth.
• Also, if one is born outside Kenya and at the date of his birth his father is a Kenyan citizen, he also qualifies automatically to be a Kenyan citizen by birth.

b) Citizenship by registration

This is offered to people who have reached the age of twenty-one years and have satisfied the Minister in charge with the following conditions:

1. That he is of African origin or a Commonwealth citizen.
2. That he has all qualities of being a suitable citizen of Kenya.
3. That he has resided in Kenya for a period of five years.
4. That he is of good character.
5. That he has adequate knowledge of English or Kiswahili.
6. That if he is of African origin, he or his parent must have been born in an African country which also allows Kenyan citizens to be their citizens by legislation or he must have been a resident for at least ten years in a country which permits Kenyan citizens to become citizens by legislation and he is not a citizen of an independent state in Africa.

c) Citizenship by naturalisation

Naturalisation is making a foreigner become a citizen of a particular country. One can qualify to attain this if:

1. He is twenty-one years old.
2. He satisfies the concerned minister that he knows enough Kiswahili.
3. He has proved to be of good character.
4. He has been lawfully living in Kenya for at least 12 months preceding his application.
5. He satisfies the minister that he intends, if naturalised, to continue living in Kenya.
6. He has been lawfully and ordinarily living in Kenya for a period totalling to 4 years in the previous 8 years including the 12 months preceding his application.
7. He applies in the manner prescribed by parliament and the minister grants a certificate of naturalisation.

The conditions in which citizenship may be revoked (withdrawn)

Kenyan citizens by birth cannot be denied citizenship. Only those who have registered or naturalised citizenships may have them revoked if the person has been proved as being disloyal to Kenya by his conduct or speech, if the legislation or naturalisation was obtained by false representation or by fraud, if the naturalised person has been imprisoned within the first five years of his legislation for 12 months without a pardon in any country, and lastly if the naturalised or registered person has lived in another country for a continuous period of seven years and not in the service of Kenya since he became a citizen.

The rights and freedoms that Kenyan citizens are entitled to enjoy

Right to own property

Every citizen in Kenya has a right to own property in any area of the country.

Right to life

One should not be deprived of his or her life intentionally. This implies that no person is supposed to murder another or commit suicide. Anyone who does any of these two is prosecuted in a court of law.

The right to liberty

No one should be imprisoned or detained without good reason. Also, no one should be enslaved by another. A person who is arrested must be taken to court within a specified period (maximum 24 hours).

Freedom of conscience and religion

Every Kenyan citizen has a right to take an active part in a religion of his or her own choice and think freely. The religion one joins should be legally registered.

Freedom of expression

One is free to hold an opinion without interference from the government. At the same time, one is not allowed to incite anybody against the government.

Freedom of movement

One is free to move to any part of Kenya or live in any part of this country. Kenyans should therefore allow fellow Kenyans to move freely without interference. There are legally prohibited areas where one is not allowed to trespass, for example private homes and State House.

Freedom of speech

One is free to say anything so long as it does not interfere with other people’s freedoms or go against the government.

Right of protection from discrimination

All people in Kenya are supposed to receive fair treatment irrespective of their sex (gender), race, tribe, political opinion, and colour. Everyone therefore deserves mutual respect and honour.

Right of protection against arbitrary search and entry

Nobody should be searched without his consent or a valid court warrant. The police can search individuals’ houses if they are suspected of crimes such as theft or if they have escaped from prison and also if they house seditious documents. In this case, the police must produce search warrants.

Right of protection from the law of land

A person who is charged with a criminal offence must be offered a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court of law. This time should not go beyond twenty-four (24) hours unless during public holidays and weekends.

Right of protection from torture and any other insecurity

No one should be tortured for any reason at all even by police after arrest because the law assumes an individual to be innocent until proved guilty by a court of law.

The situations in which Kenyan citizens may be denied some of their rights and freedoms

Kenyan citizens may be denied some of their rights and freedoms if they interfere with those of other people. They will also be denied some of their freedom if they misuse their rights and freedoms with the aim of destabilising the country by causing instability, by criticising the government, or by dispersing seditious publications with the aim of destabilising the country.

One can be denied the freedom of religion if he uses it wrongly to undermine the government or to disunite Kenyans. There may be a great need for the government to take individuals’ land for public use, e.g., for roads, hospitals, or schools. In this case, the individual has to be compensated.

In times of war, the government may limit the freedom of movement by curfew or by declaring a state of emergency. People may be denied freedom of speech if they begin uttering false statements about other people or when they incite people against the government with the aim of causing instability in the government.

The occasion in which a person is likely to be denied the right to personal liberty in Kenya

• In case of having unsound mind, e.g., if a person is mad or crazy.
• In case a person is a drug addict.
• In case of a person being infected by a contagious disease.
• In case one is under 18 years he can be denied personal liberty to enable him acquire education.
• In case one is a convicted criminal.

Limitations on freedom of speech

One may be denied freedom of speech if one makes untrue utterances about another individual or against the government.

One is not allowed to publish seditious documents and also to incite other members of the community against the government. Finally, one is not allowed to talk ill against the President.

The occasions in which a person in Kenya (Kenya citizen) is likely to be denied the right to life

One can be denied the right to life during the time of war. One can be killed during a rebellion or a riot being suppressed.

In the process of preventing a criminal offence, the police can stop intended robbery by shooting suspects. It can also occur in the course of defending one’s property or oneself.

Lastly, a person can also be denied the right to life by being convicted by a court of law especially if one is found guilty of murder.

Limitations of the freedom of worship

• One is not allowed to preach with the intention of inciting people to cause instability in the country.
• One is not allowed to preach in a way which is likely to disunite the people of Kenya.
• One is not allowed to use religion wrongly with the intention of undermining the government in any way whatsoever.

How the bill of rights in Kenya constitution protects the right of the individual

1. An individual is guaranteed the right to life. If one murders or commits suicide, he is punishable by law.
2. An individual is guaranteed right to own property. If one interferes with another person’s property he is liable to prosecution in a court of law.
3. An individual is guaranteed freedom of conscience. In this case one is entitled the right to think and worship.
4. An individual is guaranteed freedom of association or assembly. Individuals therefore are free to assemble and associate with people of their own choice without harassment.
5. An individual is guaranteed the right to worship and join a religion of his choice.
6. The bill of rights protects a person against arbitrary search, detention, and arrest.
7. It provides freedom of movement of the individual. One has right to move freely in any part of the country.
8. An individual is protected from being enslaved or being forced to supply unpaid labour.
9. The bill of rights provides the individual with freedom of expression or speech through writing and talking.

The responsibilities of a good citizen

A good Kenyan citizen is one who is ready to obey all the Kenyan laws in order to maintain peace and order in the country. He is one who participates in development projects such as roads, dispensaries, hospitals, and schools – which help to improve the welfare of the people of Kenya.

A good citizen is also one who participates in the democratic process by getting involved in voting to elect the most responsible representatives of the people in both the parliament and the local authorities.

The elements of good citizenship

A good citizen will demonstrate the following:

• High degree of patriotism. This may be demonstrated by full participation in development projects and respect of the law.
• High degree of honesty in all that one does.
• High degree of generosity.
• Always being well informed in all activities taking place in one’s country so that one can participate fully in the democratic process, in public meetings, and in the elections.
• Always being free to air views on all issues affecting the people and the country at large.

Review Questions

1. What does the term citizenship imply?
2. In which ways may one become a citizen of Kenya?
3. How may citizenship be withheld?
4. Explain the circumstances which may compel the government to interfere with the:
   i) Freedom of speech
   ii) Right to life
5. Outline the rights and freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights in Kenya.
6. Describe the qualities of a good citizen.

CHAPTER 8.

NATIONAL INTEGRATION

The meaning of National integration meaning and importance

National integration is the process of uniting all the people of Kenya irrespective of their cultures, occupations, religions, races, and ethnic groups into one solid and responsible nation. National integration is important because:

1. It encourages socialisation of people of different races, cultures, religion, and ethnic groups.
2. It encourages rapid economic and social developments in the country, for example trade, games, and sports.
3. It brings national stability by ensuring that there is security in the country.
   1. It promotes nation building.
   2. It enables the nation to prosper.
   3. It enhances patriotism and nationalism.
   4. It fuses various communities of Kenya into one.
   5. It causes people to develop a sense of pride for their nation.
4. It encourages foreigners to visit our country.
5. It encourages teamwork when solving national problems like drought, famine, and epidemics.

The factors promoting national unity

National language: This makes it possible for people of different communities to communicate with one another. Kiswahili and English help to achieve this goal.

The constitution: It protects Kenya citizens from any kind of discrimination. It provides equal opportunities for all Kenyans.

Education: This helps Kenyan children to meet, mix, and interact freely. It helps Kenyans to develop a sense of belonging and desire to serve the nation wholeheartedly.

School children socialising on their way to school.

Equal distribution of resources: Schools, clean water, and health centres should be distributed fairly and equally to serve the needs of all Kenyans.

Social economic interactions: This occurs when people undertake social and economic activities such as trading, games, and conducting marriage ceremonies.

The Presidency: All Kenyans are united under one President who they respect and honour. The President is in charge of the entire nation. He links the nation with the rest of the world.

The factors which play the role of limiting national unity

Tribalism: Favouring people of one’s own tribe on matters pertaining to employment, economic benefits, educational privileges, and promotions.

Nepotism: Favouring relatives.

Racism/Racialism: Favouring people of one’s race, for example favouring Africans and discriminating Asians.

Religious differences: This is division along religious lines due to different beliefs and practices.

Corruption: This is giving or asking for bribes in order to offer services to others. It also includes misuse of public funds.

Uneven economic development: This is when some areas are more economically developed than others in terms of means of communication, agricultural research centres, industry, and trade.

The meaning of the term “conflict”

Conflict may imply a state of war or battle or a struggle of some kind or a long fight. It may also imply a situation whereby ideas or beliefs differ. This may result in ideological and religious differences. It may imply a disagreement or clash. Conflict may also be quarrels or sharp arguments.

Various types of conflicts

• Political conflicts: Examples are wars, battles, ethnic clashes.
• Religious conflicts.
• Cultural conflicts.
• Ideological conflicts.
• Conflict of laws.
• Conflict of opinion.
• Family conflict.
• Ethnic conflicts.

The issues which may cause conflict

1. Misunderstanding of people or nations.
2. Differing ideologies/ideological differences.
3. Disunity of various people or nations.
4. Struggle for power and material wealth.
5. Formation of different classes of people due to social stratification.
6. Inferiority and superiority complexes.
7. Struggle for leadership.

The methods of resolving conflicts

1. Use of dialogue/talking to agree.
2. Trying to develop understanding through settling the differences between people or nations or through establishing political relations which enable them to solve problems amicably.
   1. Forming commercial/trade partnership.
   2. Developing communication links to facilitate quicker solving of disputes.
3. Signing of peace agreements or treaties and sometimes engaging arbitrators.
4. Settling religious differences through use of ecumenical organisations and programmes.
   1. Encouraging equitable distribution and ownership of property and wealth.
5. Promoting responsibility, accountability, respect, honesty, charity, and pursuit for peace.
6. Forming national and international organisations aimed at promoting peace and harmony in the world or between nations and also between various people in a nation.

The process of resolving conflicts

First identify the type of conflict in question. Secondly isolate the people or parties involved in the conflict. Then cross-examine the major causes of the conflict. Engage an impartial or neutral arbitrator. Now use dialogue as a way of settling the dispute. In case of a stalemate or deadlock, engage more and more arbitrators. They should maintain a high degree of neutrality and understanding.

Try to exhaust the available ways, means as well as the existing machinery for resolving conflicts. You may involve neutral leaders, elders, lawyers, opinion leaders, and all other kinds of mediators. Also refer to the way similar issues were dealt with in the past. If the outcome was negative then forget about it and try your own.

If the parties agree, then they should sign binding agreements or treaties which clearly explain what is expected of them in future. If the parties fail to agree, encourage constant meetings aimed at resolving the conflict and also employ as many mediators or arbitrators as possible until an agreement is reached.

It is therefore important to note that when resolving conflict methods such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration are very necessary.

In negotiation one has to study the kind and nature of conflict and then analyse all the facts about that particular conflict. The conflicting states or individuals or groups are then assembled for discussion which continues until a lasting solution is reached. When this is achieved then an agreement is reached and the concerned sign as a way of expressing their commitment.

• It should also be noted that an arbitrator or a mediator should be a neutral person who is not likely to favour any side. Arbitration should never include people who have vested interests, or people who are corrupt and can take bribes. Mediators should not include people who are related to any one group or individual or those involved in the dispute in question.

Various levels of conflict

1. Interstate conflict: In this case a disagreement may arise between two countries. The causes of this may be boundary disputes, hatred between two heads of state, people of one country raiding people of the neighbouring country to capture or steal livestock, ideological differences, and abuse of human rights and international laws.
2. Conflict between two people: This is a very common level of conflict brought about by issues such as failure to pay debt, land ownership wrangle, family disagreement, political differences between individuals, and jealousy.
3. Conflict between a state and an individual: This is likely to occur especially when one is denied individual human rights, for example, the government may take an individual’s land and fail to compensate it. Powerful individuals may also grab public land and then the government struggles to repossess it once more for public interest.
4. Conflict between two or more groups: Some of the causes of this conflict may be stiff competition in business, land ownership claims, power struggle by rival political parties, and religious differences which involve different religious groups or denominations.

The role of a mediator during resolving conflicts

• A mediator explains the rules to be followed during the process of helping the parties to reach an agreement.
• A mediator acts as referee to ensure that no party interrupts the other when explaining the cause of conflicts.
• The mediator listens to the parties and compiles the facts which he later uses to help reach an agreement.
• The mediator gives his own solutions and the parties give out their suggestions.
• If an agreement is reached the mediator records it and the parties concerned are requested to honour and show commitment to it.

Review Questions

1. i) What is the meaning of National Integration?
   ii) Why should there be National Integration?
2. Describe the factors that may limit National Unity.
3. Define the term conflict.
4. Identify the main methods of resolving conflicts.
5. How can conflicts affect the running of schools in Kenya?
6. Discuss the process of resolving conflicts.
7. Identify the ways through which conflicts may be avoided.