FORM TWO BIOLOGY
By the end of form two work, the learner should be able to:
- Define the term transport
- List substances transported in plants and animals
- Link surface area to volume ratio of organisms to the transport system of the organism
- Explain the necessity of transport in plants
- Draw the structure of roots and root hairs
- Relate the structure of the root to its functions
- Observe prepared slides of roots and root hairs
- Compare monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous root sections
- Observe charts and drawings of root sections
- Draw and label the structure of the xylem vessel
- Define xylem vessel
- Relate the structure of the xylem vessel to its function
- Define tracheid elements
- Relate the structure of the tracheid elements to their functions
- Distinguish between xylem vessels and tracheid elements
- Describe water and salt uptake by roots from the soil
- Explain the physiological process involved in the uptake of water and mineral salts
- Draw the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous stem sections
- Define the term transpiration and relate the structure of xylem to its role in transpiration
- Draw and label the internal and external structure of a leaf
- Describe the functions of the leaf
- Relate the parts of a leaf to their functions
- Demonstrate the movement of water in plants
- Observe prepared leaf sections to identify vascular tissues
- Discuss the forces involved in movement of water in plants such as transpiration pull, cohesion and adhesion, capillarity, and root pressure
- Demonstrate the forces involved in movement of water in plants
- Identify the importance of transpiration in plants
- Discuss the importance of transpiration in plants
- Explain what the phloem is
- Draw the structure of the phloem and relate its structure to its function
- List materials translocated in the phloem
- Draw the structure of the phloem
- Relate the parts of the phloem to its functions
- Discuss the function of the phloem
- List materials translocated and the sites of storage in the phloem
- Set up an experiment to investigate translocation of food substances in dicotyledonous plants
- Set up an experiment to investigate translocation of food substances in a monocotyledonous plant
- Explain the processes involved in the translocation of food in plants
- Identify unicellular organisms such as amoeba
- Describe transport of substances in unicellular organisms
- Explain the necessity of an elaborate transport system in most animals
- Define an open circulatory system
- Discuss the open circulatory system
- Draw the open circulatory system of an insect
- Define a closed transport system
- Identify animals with the open circulatory system
- Distinguish between closed and open circulatory systems
- Define a double circulatory system
- Draw and label circulatory systems in mammals
- Dissect a rabbit and observe its transport system
- Draw and label the external parts of the mammalian heart
- Draw and label the internal structure of the mammalian heart
- Explain the functions of the heart
- Relate the structure of the heart to its functions
- Trace the path taken by blood from the heart to the body parts and back to the heart
- State the substances supported by the blood of mammals
- Describe the flow of oxygenated blood in and out of the body through the heart
- Explain the structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries
- Relate the structure of the arteries, veins, and capillaries to their function
- Name the common diseases of the circulatory system such as thrombosis and varicose veins
- Suggest methods of control/prevention for the diseases
- List the components of the blood
- State the functions of each of the blood components
- Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood
- Describe the mechanisms of blood clotting and its importance
- Describe the human blood group system
- State the importance of blood groups in blood transfusion
- Discuss the rhesus factor
- State the role of the rhesus factor in blood transfusion
- Examine the external and internal structure of a cow’s heart
- Investigate pulse rate at the wrist
- Define immunity
- Describe immune response
- Differentiate between natural and artificial immunity
- Define vaccination
- Describe the importance of vaccination against diseases such as tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, and whooping cough
- Define allergic reactions and explain their causes
- Carry out an experiment to demonstrate the unidirectional flow of blood in the cutaneous veins of the forearm
- Define gaseous exchange
- Identify the gases that are exchanged in living organisms
- Explain the importance of gaseous exchange in organisms
- Describe the stomata
- Draw and label open and closed stomata
- Explain stomata and gaseous exchange
- Investigate the presence of stomata on leaves
- Investigate the shape of guard cells and the distribution of stomata on leaves
- Explain the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata
- Describe photosynthetic/glucose accumulation theory of opening and closing stomata
- Describe inter-conversion of starch and glucose and ion accumulation theories
- Investigate the internal structure of stems and leaf stalks in aerial and aquatic plants
- Investigate tissue distribution in aerial leaves and stems
- Describe cuticular and lenticular gaseous exchange
- Draw the structure of the root
- Describe how gaseous exchange takes place through the epidermis of the roots
- Examine various types of gaseous exchange structures in different organisms
- Relate the various types of gaseous exchange structures to their functions in different organisms
- State the characteristics of gaseous exchange surfaces in different organisms
- Examine the gaseous exchange structures of a grasshopper or a locust
- Draw the gaseous exchange structure of an insect
- Draw and label the structure of gaseous exchange in bony fish
- Relate the gills to their function
- Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in bony fish
- Examine the location and number of gills in gill chambers of bony fish
- Examine, draw, and label the gill of a bony fish
- Describe the gaseous exchange in a frog through its gills, skin, mouth, and lungs
- State the structures involved in gaseous exchange in human beings
- Explain the features of the structures involved in gaseous exchange in human beings
- Draw and label the structures involved in gaseous exchange in human beings
- Examine a dissected mammal to locate the gaseous exchange structures
- Describe the mechanism of breathing in human beings
- Draw and label the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs in human beings
- Describe how gaseous exchange occurs in alveoli
- Explain how human beings are adapted to their functions
- Examine the mammalian lung
- Demonstrate the breathing mechanism of the lungs and diaphragm in a model thoracic cavity
- Demonstrate the breathing movement of ribs and muscles by using a model
- Examine the factors affecting the rate of breathing in human beings
- Explain the factors which control the rate of breathing in human beings
- State the causes of respiratory diseases
- Discuss the symptoms of respiratory diseases
- Explain the prevention measures of respiratory diseases
- Demonstrate the effect of exercise on the rate of breathing
- Define respiration
- State the significance of respiration
- Draw and label mitochondria
- Define anaerobic respiration
- Describe anaerobic respiration in plants
- Describe anaerobic respiration in animals
- Identify the gas given off when food is burnt
- Investigate the gas produced during fermentation
- State the economic importance of anaerobic respiration
- Discuss the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in both plants and animals
- Explain anaerobic respiration
- Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
- Compare energy production in anaerobic and aerobic respiration
- Investigate the production of heat by germinating seeds
- Demonstrate that respiration takes place in plants
- Show aerobic respiration in animals
- Show that aerobic respiration takes place in animals
- Define terms stated
- Distinguish between excretion and egestion
- Explain the necessity of excretion in plants and animals
- Describe the methods of excretion in plants
- List useful and harmful excretory products in plants
- Identify the uses of excretory products in plants
- Describe the uses of excretory products in plants
- Describe excretion and homeostasis in unicellular animals such as amoeba
- Draw an amoeba
- Describe excretion in freshwater amoeba
- Explain the need for complex animals for excretion
- List organs involved in excretion in animals
- List waste products released by various organs
- Examine the kidney of a mammal
- Draw and label the external structure of a kidney
- Make a vertical section through the kidney
- Identify the internal parts of the kidney
- Draw and label parts of the nephron
- Relate its structure to its role in urine formation
- Identify the hormones involved in the neuro-endocrine system and homeostasis, e.g., insulin
- Explain the process of urine formation in the kidney
- Describe the role of various hormones in urine formation
- Describe the components and role of neuro-endocrine systems
- Distinguish between internal and external environments
- Explain the general working of the homeostatic mechanism
- Define osmoregulation
- Describe the role of the kidney in osmoregulation
- Explain the role of the hypothalamus in osmoregulation
- Explain diabetes insipidus and other common kidney diseases
- Describe the causes of diabetes insipidus and other common kidney diseases
- State possible control/prevention methods of diabetes insipidus
- Draw and label parts of the skin
- Relate the parts of the skin to their functions
- Distinguish between osmoregulation and thermoregulation
- Describe the role of the skin in osmoregulation
- Describe the role of the skin in thermoregulation
- Identify behavioral and physiological means of thermoregulation in animals
- Describe behavioral and physiological means of thermoregulation in animals
- Explain heat loss and heat gain
- Describe the various methods of heat loss and heat gain in mammals
- Explain the terms surface area to volume ratio in relation
- Relate the body size of mammals to heat loss and heat gain
- Draw and label the liver and its associated parts
- Describe the liver and its role in homeostasis
- List some of the functions of the liver
- Describe the functions of the liver
- Identify all the diseases of the liver
- Describe the symptoms and possible control of diabetes mellitus and other liver diseases
- Explain the causes, symptoms, and diseases of the liver
- Explain catalase enzyme and hydrogen peroxide
- Describe the role of catalase enzyme in breaking down hydrogen peroxide; use liver and kidney to investigate the reaction
- Describe the role of the liver in blood sugar control
- Describe the role of insulin hormone
- Explain the regulation of blood sugar
- Describe a flow chart showing the regulation of blood sugar
- Describe temperature regulation in other animals
- Relate parts of the lungs to their functions
- Draw and label parts of the lungs
- Describe the functions of the lungs as discussed during gaseous exchange
- Identify a mammal’s lungs
- Observe and describe structures of lungs in relation to functions
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