ZIMSEC O LEVEL PAST EXAM PAPERS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – HISTORY 21672 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NOVEMBER 2016 with MARKING SCHEME

1. (a) Name any five Balkan States between 1900 and 1914. [5]
   1. Describe the First and Second Balkan Wars, 1912 – 1913. [12]
   1. To what extent did the Balkan Wars lead to the First World War? [8]

2. (a) List any five countries that were defeated in the First World War. [5]

1. Outline Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen points. [12]

1. How far were Wilson’s views followed at the Paris Peace Conference? [8]

1. (a) Identify any five territories in Europe lost by Germany in the Treaty of

Versailles, 1919. [5]

1. Describe the non-territorial terms of the Treaty of `Versailles, 1919. [12]

1. How fair were these terms to Germany? Explain your answer. [8]

1. (a) Name any five Special Commissions of the League of Nations. [5]

1. Describe the disputes that the League of Nations dealt with up to 1931. [12]

1. How successful was the League of Nations in resolving these disputes? [8]

1. (a) Identify any five features of Italian fascism. [5]

1. Describe the foreign policy of Mussolini up to1939. [12]

1. Did the people of Italy benefit from Mussolini’s foreign policy?

Explain your answer. [8]

1. (a) List any five ideas expressed by Hitler in the Mein Kampf (My Struggle). [5]

1. Describe Hitler’s domestic policy up to 1939. [12]

1. To what extent did the people of Germany benefit from Hitler’s domestic

policy? [8]

2167/2 N2016

1. (a) Name the five presidents of the United States of America (USA) between

1919 and 1933. [5]

1. Describe the economic and social effects of the Great Depression, 1929

to 1933. [12]

1. To what extent did the USA government deal with the problems of the

Great Depression during this period? [8]

1. (a) List any five countries that contributed to the outbreak of the Second

World War. [5]

1. Outline the factors that led to the outbreak of the Second World War. [12]

1. To what extent did the Versailles Treaty contribute to the outbreak of

the Second World War? [8]

1. (a) List any five battles fought during the Second World War. [5]

1. Describe the Allied bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. [12]

1. To what extent did the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki lead to the

defeat of the Axis powers? [8]

1. (a) List any five Social rights to which all human beings are entitled. [5]

1. Outline the Bill of Rights as contained in the Constitution of Zimbabwe. [12]

• How far has the Zimbabwean government promoted human rights since

independence? [8]

1. (a) List any five Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries

that practise multiparty democracy? [5]

1. Outline the features of a multi-party democracy. [12]

1. Do citizens benefit from a multi-party democracy? Explain your answer. [8]

2167/2 N2016

[Turn over

1. (a) State any five codes of conduct taught to the Communists by Mao Zedong. [5]

1. Describe the Long March. [12]

• How far did the Long March contribute to the victory of the Communists? [8]

1. (a) List any five aims of the Great Leap Forward. [5]

1. Describe the Great Leap Forward in China, 1958. [12]

1. How successful was the Great Leap Forward? [8]

1. (a) Name any five countries in Southern Africa which are members of the

Commonwealth of Nations. [5]

1. Describe the origins and the aims of the Commonwealth of Nations. [12]

1. How successful has the Commonwealth of Nations been in achieving

its aims? [8]

1. (a) List any five organs of the United Nations Organisation (UNO). [5]
   1. Describe the functions of the Security Council and the Secretariat. [12]
2. How effective has the Security Council been in maintaining peace in

Africa? [8]

MARKING SCHEME

ZIMBABWE SCHOOL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

MARKING SCHEME

HISTORY 2167/2 : INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

NOVEMBER 2016

1 (a) Name any five Balkan States between 1900 and 1914. [5]

• Turkey
• Serbia
• Montenegro
• Bulgaria
• Albania
• Greece
• Bosnia

(b)
Describe the First and Second Balkan Wars, 1912 – 1913. [12] –
In the First Balkan War (October 1912 to May 1913) the members of League i.e. Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro attacked Turkey over the question of Macedonia

• Turkey was defeated
• A conference was held in London with the intention of sharing the spoils –
  By the Treaty of London (May 1913) Turkey lost most of her territory in Europe except the area around Constantinople. Crete went to Greece and Albania became independent.
• The sharing of spoils led to a quarrel among members of the Balkan League.
• The quarrel culminated in the Second Balkan War (June – July 1913).
• Dissatisfied with its gains Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece.
• Romania and Turkey joined the war on the side of Serbia ad Greece
• Bulgaria was defeated and by the Treaty of Bucharest Serbia gained extra territory whilst Bulgaria lost most of the gains from the First Balkan War –
  The Bosnians desire to join Serbia grew.

(c) To what extent did the Balkan Wars lead to the First World War? [8]

• Serbia emerge strong from the wars and this made Austrian fear of Serbia increase
• Tension between Serbia and Austria Hungary increased
• The Balkan wars tightened the commitments of Austria and Germany on one hand and France and Russia on the other.
• However other factors also led to the outbreak of the First World War. These are Balkan nationalism, German Weltpolitik, Imperialism/ colonisation, arms and naval races
• The Sarajevo incident triggered the war.

Level 1: One-sided or generalised answer (0 – 3)

Level 2: Balanced answer without judgement (4 – 6)

Level 3: Balanced answer with judgement (7 – 8)

2 (a) List any five countries that were defeated in the First World War. [5]

• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Turkey
• Bulgaria
• Russia

 (b) Outline Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen points. [12]

• Abolition of secret diplomacy
• Free navigation at sea for all nations in war and peace
• Removal of economic barriers between states
• All round reduction of armaments
• Impartial adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of the population concerned.
• Restoration of Belgium
• Liberation of France and restoration of Alsace-Lorraine
• Re-adjustment of Italian frontiers along the lines of nationality
• Self-government for the peoples of Austria-Hungary
• Romania, Serbia and Montenegro to be evacuated and Serbia given access to the sea.
• Self-government for the non-Turkish peoples of the Turkish Empire and permanent opening of the Dardanelles
• An independent Poland with secure access to the sea –
  A general association of nations to preserve peace.

 (c) How far were Wilson’s views followed at the Paris Peace Conference? [8]

• France was liberated and Alsace-Lorraine was given back to France
• Poland became an independent state
• A general association of nations, the League of Nations was created
• Russian territory was evacuated
• Defeated powers were asked to reduce armaments
• The peoples of Austria-Hungary got independence
• Belgium was restored
• Not all of Wilson’s views were accepted. Some were diluted by the views of Lloyd George and Georges Clemenceau
• Russian territories were evacuated but were made independent states – Victorious powers never accepted the reduction of armaments Self determination was not fully implemented or complied with

3 (a) Identify any five territories in Europe lost by Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, 1919. [5]

• Alsace-Lorraine
• The Saar Basin
• Upper Silesia
• The Polish Corridor
• West Prussia
• Posen
• Eupen, Moresnet and Malmedy
• North Schleswig
• Memel

 (b) Describe the non-territorial terms of the Treaty of `Versailles, 1919. [12]

• Disarmament clause
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100 000 men
• Conscription was forbidden
• Soldiers were to serve for 12 years
• No armoured cars, no air force, no heavy artillery, no submarines
• Airbase at Heligoland to be destroyed
• Reduction of the navy
• To remain with six second hand battleships, six cruisers, twelve destroyers and twelve torpedo boats
• Rhineland to be demilitarised
• War-guilt clause
• Germany to pay reparations in cash and kind
• Germany to build ships for the Allies
• Germany to pay coal, chemicals, dye, staff and cattle to allies.
• Anschluss between Germany and Austria forbidden
• Kaiser to be hanged
• General staff to be disbanded
• Covenant of the league of Nations

 (c) How fair were these terms to Germany? Explain your answer. [8]

Reduction of the army would remove the threat of another war Demilitarisation of the Rhineland protected France from attack by Germany

Germany had to contribute towards the damages of war Covenant of the league would ensure peace.

Payments were too high

Germany left economically and militarily weak

 – Self-determination denied for German –speaking peoples

Level 1:

 One-sided or generalised

(0 – 3)

Level 2:

Balanced answer without judgement

(4 – 6)

Level 3:

 Balanced answer with judgement

(7 – 8)

4 (a) Name any five Special Commissions of the League of Nations. [5]

• Commission for health
• Drugs commission
• Commission for refugees
• Minorities commission
• Mandates commission
• Reparations commission
• Disarmament commission
• Commission for women and children

(b) Describe the disputes that the League of Nations dealt with up to 1931.[12]

• The dispute between Sweden and Finland over Aaland Islands, 1920 – The boundary dispute between Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia, 1921.
• The dispute between Hungary and Czechoslovakia
• The dispute between Poland and Lithuania over Vilna
• The Corfu incident
• The disputes between Greece and Bulgaria, Peru and Columbia, Russia and Poland, Turkey and Greece, Paraguay and Bolivia, Turkey and Iraq over Mosul.
• Japan and China over Manchuria

(c) How successful was the League of Nations in resolving these disputes? [8]

• The League managed to stop the war between Greece and Bulgaria
• The League arbitrated on the dispute between Sweden and Finland over Aaland Islands. The islands were given to Finland.

  The League ordered a plebiscite in Upper Silesia to solve the boundary dispute between Germany and Poland

  The League ordered Greece to pay compensation to Italy for it to move out of Corfu

  The League condemned the Greek invasion of Bulgaria

  The League arbitrated in the dispute between Turkey and Iraq over Mosul and gave the land to Iraq

• The League failed to stop Poland from seizing Vilna 1919-23
• The League encouraged aggression by giving assistance to Poland in form of arms in the Soviet –polish war, 1920.
• The League failed to stop Japanese invasion of Manchuria.

5 (a) Identify any five features of Italian fascism. [5]

• Totalitarianism
• One party rule
• Dictatorship
• Glorification of the military
• Use of violence
• Suppression of people’s rights e.g. to association, choice, expression etc.
• Muzzling of the media
• Indoctrination
• Sloganeering
• Extreme nationalism
• Abolition of elections
• Self sufficiency
• Propaganda

 (b) Describe the foreign policy of Mussolini up to1939. [12]

• Initially Mussolini’s foreign policy was moderate and aimed at creating good relations with Britain and France
• 1923, bombarded the Greek Island of Corfu and only left after the Greeks had paid compensation
• 1924, agreed with Yugoslavia to occupy Fiume.
• 1925, attended the Locarno conference
• 1925, signed the Kellogg-Brans Pact
• 1930 and 1933 attended the Disarmament conference and accepted the principle of general disarmament
• 1934 prevented German invasion of Austria at Brenna Pass.

  1935, Stressa Front with Britain and France

  Mussolini’s foreign policy had a paradigm shift from 1935 onwards. He became more aggressive and was now a protégé of Hitler.

  • – 36, Invasion of Abyssinia

  1936, Rome-Berlin – Tokyo Axis/Anti-Comintern Pact

  • – 39, Involvement in the Spanish Civil War

1939, Invasion of Albania –
1939, Pact of Steel

(c) Did the people of Italy benefit from Mussolini’s foreign policy?

Explain your answer. [8]

• Italians gained prestige. They were now internationally recognised
• Resources from foreign lands benefited the Italians
• The Italians had more living space
• The Italians gained friends
• Some Italians died or were maimed as a result of foreign wars.
• Very few resources came to the Italians
• Living space was limited. Most of Abyssinia was arid.
• Some Italians were left widows and orphans

6 (a) List any five ideas expressed by Hitler in the Mein Kampf (My Struggle).[5]

• To revoke the Versailles Treaty
• To establish a Third Reich which would incorporate all Germans (Anschluss)
• To expand German territory so as to create living space for the Germans (lebensraum)
• To make Germany a great Aryan nation
• To deny Jews membership of the Volk (nation).
• To prevent Communist hegemony in and outside Europe
• To have one person with absolute authority and responsibility in Germany

 (b) Describe Hitler’s domestic policy up to 1939. [12]

• Domestic policy guided by several aims which included self-sufficiency, prosperity and establishing a strong government (Third Reich) that would restore peace and order
• In the political field he banned all opposition parties except the Nazi
• Opponents were either killed or tortured or sent to concentration camp
• A secret police, the Gestapo was established to investigate and stamp out all opposition

  The public service was filled with SS and Nazi loyalists

  Hitler passed the Enabling Bill which gave him power to rule by decree, 1933.

  The press was muzzled i.e. newspapers, radios etc. were controlled and they channelled Nazi propaganda

In May 1933 all trade unions were banned

1934, night of the Long Knives – opponents within the Nazi party were eliminated

• August 1934 when Hindenburg died Hitler declared himself both Chancellor and Prime Minister preferring to be called Fuhrer (the leader).
• Economically Hitler laundered more public works to create employment
• There was industrial expansion especially in the production of synthetic rubber
• Workers were forced to join the German labour force
• There was wage control and price freezes
• All strikes were banned
• Hitler introduced re-armament after 1936
• The education system was put under Nazi control
• There was strong anti-Semitism. The Nuremberg laws of 1935 increased the persecution of the Jews and stripped Jews of their German citizenship
• Young boys joined the Nazi Youth Movement and girls were incorporated into the League of German Maidens – Women were confined to the homes
• A concordat was signed with the Catholic church but Christian continued to be persecuted

(c) To what extent did the people of Germany benefit from Hitler’s domestic policy? [8]

• Employment was created through public works and in industries
• National pride was restored
• There was order in Germany
• Infrastructure improved
• However people lived in perpetual fear
• Jews were killed and stripped of their citizen rights
• Freedoms of speech, choice, expression and association were curtailed.

7 (a) Name the five presidents of the United States of America (USA) between 1919 and 1933. [5]

– Woodrow Wilson – Warren Harding

Calvin Coolidge

Herbert Hoover

Franklin D.Roosvelt

(b) Describe the economic and social effects of the Great Depression, 1929

to 1933. [12]

• Closure of several banks and industries
• Massive unemployment
• Fall in production of goods
• Fall in share prices
• Inflation
• Loss of savings
• Poverty and starvation
• Rise in prostitution
• Poor standards of living – mushrooming of makeshift dwellings, the Hoovervilles’.
• Rise in suicide cases
• Spread of disease
• Violence and gangsterism – Low wages

(c) To what extent did the USA government deal with the problems of the

Great Depression during this period? [8]

• Government encouraged employers not to lay off workers and not to reduce wages
• Through the Reconstruction Finance Corporation government supplied loans to banks, industries, railways etc.
• Public works programmes were set up to reduce unemployment
• Export trade was encouraged
• However, Hoover pursued a laissez faire policy which did not help much in solving the social and economic problems of the depression
• Unemployment remained high despite the public works programmes that were introduced
• Agriculture production fell as well as farm products
• Shanty dwellings mushroomed, the ‘Hoovervilles’

8 (a) List any five countries that contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War. [5]

• Germany
• France
• Italy
• Britain
• Japan
• Spain – USA

(b) Outline the factors that led to the outbreak of the Second World War. [12]

• The Versailles Treaty was vindictive and harsh in the eyes of the Germans. It left them with resentment and anger such that given the opportunity they would reverse the terms of the treaty.
• Nationalists like Adolf Hitler later took advantage of the resentment to rise to power and to push for the reversal of the terms of the treaty through both diplomacy and aggression.
• The following aggressive acts by Hitler can be linked to this desire to tear off the Versailles:
• Withdrawal from the Disarmament Conference 1933, re-militarisation of Germany, Anglo-German naval agreement (1935), remilitarisation of the

  Rhineland (1936), Rome-Berlin Axis (1936), Rome –Berlin-Tokyo Axis (1937), Anschluss (1938), Pact of Steel (1939) and invasion of Poland (1939).

• The harshness of the Versailles Treaty also indirectly influenced the policy of appeasement that was followed by Britain and France and which contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War.
• Countries like Italy which emerged victorious from the war did not get some portions of German land as promised earlier. They later teamed up with Germany to reverse the Versailles Treaty thus leading to war.

(c) To what extent did the Versailles Treaty contribute to the outbreak of the Second World War? [8]

• The Versailles Treaty can be blamed because it led to a series of aggressive acts by Germany which were meant to reverse its terms
• Appeasement was poorly linked to Versailles but it too acted as a cause of the war
• The failure of the League of Nations contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War.

  Other causes include the rise of dictators and their acts of aggression, Hitler’s personal megalomania and fear of Communism.

  		Level 1: One-sided or generalised	(0 – 3)
  		Level 2: Balanced answer without judgement	(4 – 6)
  		Level 3: Balanced answer with judgement	(7 – 8)
  9	(a)	List any five battles fought during the Second World War. Battle of Britain (Operation Sea Lion) Operation Barbarossa Battle of Stalingrad – Battle of Kursk Battle of Leningrad Battle of Bulge Battle of Dunkirk Invasion of France (Operation overload)		[5]
  	(b)	Describe the Allied bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.		[12]

• President Truman (USA) made the final decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan as Japan had continued fighting

• August 6, 1945 a bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima as people were settling out for work
• The bomb fell with a blinding flash dimming even the sun
• People close to the centre of the explosion were instantly turned to ash, those further away burned out their eyes
• Thousands lay writhing on the ground in pain. About 75 000 people died. – The city was turned into rubble
• Those who managed to survive by miracle found themselves surrounded by

  fire

• Those who made their way to safety generally died twenty to thirty days later from the delayed effects of the gamma rays
• 9 August, 1945 the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki
• 45 000 were killed
• There was total destruction
• Japan surrendered unconditionally

(c) To what extent did the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki lead to the defeat of the Axis powers? [8]

• Bombings led to the unconditional surrender of Japan
• Axis powers who had persisted in fighting were demoralised
• Defeat of Axis powers was also caused by the entry of the USA

  into the war

• Defeat was also a result of Allied superiority in the air and at sea

• Hitler’s miscalculations, fighting on too many fronts and the quick surrender of Germany’s allies.

10 (a) List any five Social rights to which all human beings are entitled. [5]

• The right to social security
• The right to work
• The right to equal pay for equal work
• The right to form and join trade unions
• The right to leisure and rest
• The right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being
• The right to education

(b) Outline the Bill of Rights as contained in the Constitution of Zimbabwe.[12]

• All individuals have a right to life
• The right to personal liberty
• Protection against slavery and forced labour
• Protection from inhuman treatment
• Protection from deprivation of property
• Protection from arbitrary search or entry into private property
• Protection from the law
• Freedom of conscience
• Freedom of expression
• Freedom of assembly and association
• Freedom of movement
• Protection from discrimination on the ground of race, religion, sex, creed, political affiliation language, class or colour

(c)
How far has the Zimbabwean government promoted human rights since independence? [8]

• There has been abolition of racial discrimination since independence
• In Zimbabwe people are free to express themselves, to assemble and associate at all levels
• The law is upheld and applied fairly to everyone irrespective of class
• In Zimbabwe life is sacrosanct and whoever takes someone’s life is severely punished

  However, there are allegations of harassment and detention of opposition leaders and supporters

• The application of the law by the judiciary and the police is said to be selective
• POSA and AiPA sometimes are impediments to freedom of association/ assembly
• Not all murderers have been arrested or arraigned before the courts
• Property rights have sometimes been violated

11 (a) List any five Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries that practise multiparty democracy? [5]

• Zimbabwe
• Zambia
• Malawi
• South Africa
• Botswana
• Namibia
• Democratic republic of Congo (DRC)
• Mozambique – Tanzania
• The Seychelles

–

 (b) Outline the features of a multi-party democracy? [12]

• Many political parties exist
• Parties campaign freely for votes and for a place in parliament
• Citizens participate in important decision making processes e.g.

  through a referendum

• There is equality before the law
• Governance is guided by the constitution
• Freedom and rights of the people are guided by the Bill of rights

(c) Do citizens benefits from a multi-party democracy? Explain your answer. [8]

• Citizen’s freedoms and rights are protected in a multi party democracy – People choose leaders of their own.

There is accountability and transparency

• The law is applied fairly to everyone irrespective of class –
  Citizens have a say in decision making

• A multi-party democracy can, however, cause chaos/confusion as people jostle for positions of power
• Existence of many parties and manifestos may cause confusion/ indecision among voters
• Change of leadership may usher in a despot or incompetent leader
• There may be no smooth transition/ change from one regime to the other

Level 1: Generalized/ One-sided (0 – 3)

Level 2: Balanced answer without judgement (4 – 6)

Level 3: Balanced answer with judgement (7 – 8)

12 (a) State any five codes of conduct taught to the Communists by Mao Zedong. [5]

• Speak politely
• Pay fairly for what you buy
• Return everything you borrow
• Pay for anything you damage
• Do not damage crops
• Do not take liberties with women
• Do not ill-treat prisoners

 (b) Describe the Long March. [12]

• Long march was one of the most famous events in the Chinese Revolution
• In 1934 the Communist Party forces were surrounded by the Guomindang army
• They broke through the encirclement and began the Long march
• The march took them a full year
• They covered more than 10 000 kilometres
• When they reached Yenan their army had swelled to 120 000
• They encountered many hardships, crossed 24 rivers, climbed 18 mountains,
• They faced snow and hail, rain and marshlands
• There was limited food on their March such that at times they roasted their belts
• On their march they parcelled out pieces of land to peasants and followed a strict code of conduct
• Their morale was always boosted by Mao Zedong whose leadership qualities were good.

 (c) How far did the Long March contribute to the victory of the Communists? [8] Soldiers became more resilient and worked towards total victory.

• Communists created many supporters in their march particularly peasants

• The weaknesses of the Nationalists were converted into strengths by the Communists
• Mao’s personal abilities as leader of the Communists contributed to their victory
• Communists teachings were more attractive than those of the Nationalists
• Communists liberated zones had increased

• To turn China into one of the world’s leading industrial powers

• To use labour intensive methods of production
• To create employment
• To reduce production costs
• To reduce the economic gap between the peasants and urbanites – To empower peasants to make decisions affecting their lives – To decentralise services and infrastructure to reach the poor.

(b) Describe the Great Leap Forward in China, 1958. [12]

• A programme designed to bring about a paradigm shift from the Russian model of Communism to that focusing on the agrarian community.
• Focus was both on industry and agriculture
• In industry high and sometimes unrealistic targets were set especially in the production of steel
• Background industries were established to assist in the production of steel
• Small factories were set up in the countryside to provide machinery for agriculture
• There was construction of roads, canals reservoirs and irrigation channels
• Agriculture was organised with collective farms being merged into communes
• A commune was a self-contained unit with its own workshop, schools, nurseries for going children, medical services and a small army. It consisted of up to 75 000 people who were divided into brigades, each with a specific task to accomplish
• Management of Communes was by an elected Council

  Communes received little assistance from government as they were meant to be self-sufficient

• Wages in Communes were determined by a member’s contribution to production

(c) How successful was the Great Leap Forward? [8]

• Steel production doubled in 1958
• There was equal treatment of people in the Communes irrespective of one’s gender
• New farming methods were introduced
• Millions of people were employed in the Communes and backyard

  industries

• Government control of peasants became more effective
• Peasants were empowered and they could make decisions affecting their own welfare
• Steel produced in backyard industries and furnaces was of poor quality.
• Poor methods of production were employed thus compromising on quality – More focus was on big industry at the expense of consumer goods – Agriculture production declined.

Level 1: Generalised/ one sided answer (0 – 3)

Level 2: Balanced answer without judgement (4 – 6)

Level 3: Balanced answer with judgement (7 – 8)

14 (a) Name any five countries in Southern Africa which are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. [5]

• Zambia
• Botswana
• South Africa
• Mozambique
• Malawi
• Namibia

(b) Describe the origins and aims of the Commonwealth of Nations. [12]

• The Commonwealth is a loose association of Britain and its former colonies.
• Between 1900 and 1939 there was debate within Britain over the possibility of granting political equality to the British dominions.
• These white dominions of Canada, Austria, New Zealand and South Africa won full equality to Britain during this period.
• These countries remained linked to “Britain and continued to enjoy common citizenship an free immigration within the Commonwealth.
• After the Second World War the Commonwealth rapidly grew with India joining in 1948.
• Ghana became the first country from Africa to join the Commonwealth in 1857 after independence.

Most African countries joined in the 1960s and by the end of the 1990s

African and Asian countries dominated the Commonwealth

• The Commonwealth secretariat was established in London in 1965

Aims of the Commonwealth

• To promote the principle of national freedom
• To promote peaceful co-existence among member states
• To generate co-operation among member states
• To enhance consultation among member states
• To discuss problems of concern to member countries
• To promote economic and social links within member states
• To promote democratic principles and fundamental freedoms of people within the Commonwealth
• To increase sporting co-operations through the Commonwealth games

(c) How successful has the Commonwealth of Nations been in achieving its aims? [8]

• Member states have a sense of belonging in a club where they are considered equals.
• There has been little interference in the internal affairs of member states.
• Commonwealth games provide a platform to develop friendly relations among nations and sports persons.
• The many specialised agencies of the Commonwealth help member states.
• The Harare Human Declaration on Human Rights seeks to improve respect for human rights in member countries.
• However South Africa withdrew from Commonwealth in 1961 because its policy of apartheid offended many Commonwealth countries.
• Ghana and Tanzania broke diplomatic ties with Britain when Britain refused to impose sanctions against Rhodesia.
• Pakistan and India both members of the Commonwealth went to war with each other in 1965 over border disputes.
• In recent years the Zimbabwe crisis has divided the Commonwealth.
• Zimbabwe was suspended from the Commonwealth in 2002 over human.

  rights abuses

15 (a) List any five organs of the United Nations Organisation (UNO). [5]

• General Assembly
• Security Council
• Secretariat
• International Court of Justice

  Trusteeship Council

• Economic and Social Council

(b) Describe the functions of the Security Council and the Secretariat. [12]

Security Council

• To maintain international peace and security.
• To investigate disputes or situations that might lead to international conflicts.
• To recommend methods of solving disputes.
• To recommend methods of solving disputes.
• To regulate armaments.
• To call on members to apply economic sanctions or other measures with the aim of stopping or preventing aggression.
• To take military action against an aggressor.
• To appoint a secretary general in liaison with the General Assembly.
• To elect the judges of the ICJ in concurrence with the assembly.
• Administering peace-keeping operation.
• Mediating in international disputes.
• Interpreting speeches.
• Taking records.
• Translating documents into organisation’s official languages.

(c) How effective has the Security Council been in maintaining peace in Africa? [8]

• Intervened in the Zairean crisis (DRC) in 1960
• Stopped fighting in Sierra Leone for some time
• Was able to maintain peace in Somalia
• Delayed in sending peace-keeping missions in the DRC and thousands died in the conflict
• Fighting continued in Congo until the Congolese solved their problems through military action
• The Secretary General died while trying to solve the crisis in the Congo
• The UN sent peace-keepers in Angola but were not very successful until Savimbi was removed from power by Angolan forces.

Level 1: generalised /One-sided answer (0 – 3)

Level 2: Balanced answer without judgement (4 – 6)

Level 3: Balanced answer with judgement (7 – 8)

19