HISTORY O LEVEL(FORM TWO) NOTES – AFRICA AND EXTERNAL WORLD

AFRICA AND EXTERNAL WORLD.

1. Exploration of African coast.

2. The need to search new trading settlements.

3. The need to spread Islamic religion

1. Emergence of rich class.

2. Exposed Africa towards economies.

3. Exploitation of Africa resources.

4. Decline of local industries.

5. Loss of manpower.

6. Introduction of new crops.

7. Introduction of money economy.

8. Introduction of new arts and crafts.

1. Emergence of Swahili language and culture.
2. Rise and growth of Islamic culture.
3. Spread of Islamic religion (Qur’an and Islamic laws).
4. Growth of towns and cities such as Mombasa, Kilwa, Pemba, Sofala and Mogadishu.
5. Emergence of mullatos due to intermarriage.
6. Rise of walfare and depopulation due to capturing of slaves.

• Vasco da Gama reached Africa in 1498 (A.D).
• Bartholomew Diaz reached Africa in 1487.

1. The need to defeat the Asian trades and rules in their monopoly of the India trade; as usually European countries admired the commodities founded in Africa, so in order to get them they had to contact with African people.

2. Controlling and Exploitation of Gold.
3. Need of creating Portuguese Empire in Africa so as to make Africa to be a producer.
4. To exploit different resources of Africa. Example gold, diamond.
5. They wanted to exploit African resources by selling small things to Africans for high price more than they had sold it to them.

1. To spread Christianity.
2. To exploit Africa especially East African coastal cities and states e.g. Kilwa, Mombasa, Bagamoyo and Mogadishu.
3. They desired to establish anti-Muslims alliances.
4. They search for Pastor John in Ethiopia.

• Fort Jesus in 1592 in Mombasa.
• Fort at Kilwa.
• Sofala and eliminated caste present day Ghana built in 1482.

• Dutch farmers called themselves – “BOERS”
• When they settled at the cape they called themselves by the name of Afrikaners that meant the “whites of Africa” who developed language known as Afrikaans.
• Dutch had a company known as United Dutch East India company (UDEIC).
• The company had trade with India and other Arabs in Asia
• At the cape they grew vegetables, fruits and kept animals such as cattle.
• They had barter trade with Khoikhoi exchanging tobacco and alcohol for the cattle.

1. The cape was a good place where ships could stop to be refueled.
2. The cape had a good climate to support settlement of the whites. (Temperate and cool climate).
3. The Dutch wanted to produce vegetable and fruits for the ships which sailed to India.
4. The cape could provide fresh water for the sailors.
5. The cape could be a base of projecting their ships on Atlantic and Indian Ocean.
6. A center for caring sick people.

1. They took land from Khoikhoi and Xhosa.
2. They turned the Khoikhoi into slaves to work for them in farms.
3. Dutch raided cattle from the Khoikhoi.
4. Dutch settlement led to the introduction of apartheid e.g. Khoikhoi could not get quality education, health services and shelters like the Dutch.
5. Unequal exchange led to exploitation of South African resources.
6. Intermarriage which led to Mullato population.
7. Political structure of the Khoikhoi was destroyed.

• There was a peace treaty between the Dutch and the British in 1802 and the Cape was given back to the Dutch in 1803. But in 1806 the British decided to re-occupy the Cape by defeating the Dutch.

1. They wanted to protect their ships on the sea route to India.
2. It was based on protectionism which the British could protect themselves against ships of enemies.
3. Area to get raw materials, market and area for investment.
4. They wanted to control the trade route on sea water (India & Asia)
5. Cape could easy link the British and Western Europe across the Atlantic Ocean.

1. They abolished slavery introduced by Boers.
2. They imposed English language as the official medium of communication.
3. Khoikhoi continued to lose their land as the British took it for their settlements.
4. There was important of manufactured goods from Europe.
5. They imposed news way of life.
6. Introduction of circuit courts in order to settle disputes between Dutch and the Khoikhoi.

1. These were series of wars carried out by the Xhosa from 1779 Vs Boers – at the great fish river.

• The first three wars were in 1779, 1789 and 1803.
• The fourth (known as Ndhalambi) happened in 1812
• The fifth (known as Makanda) in 1819.
• The sixth in 1834.
• The seventh in 1846>
• The 8th (Malenjin – 1850 – 1853)
• The last resistance by the Xhosa (Mlakaza was an advisor to one of the Xhosa).

1. The Battle of Vegkop of 19th October 1836.

• Ndebele under Mzilikazi fought Vs the Boers in the Orange Free states.

1. The Battle of the Blood River on 1th February, 1837.

• ZULU UNDER Dingane fought against Boer settlement in natal.

1. Anglo Zulu war.

• Zulu under Cetshowayo fought strongly and defeated the British at the Battle of Island lwana.
• But later the British suppressed the Zulu during the battle of Ulundi 4th July, 1879.

1. Increase of slave trade.
2. Land alienation.
3. East African
   people were exposed to international trade.
4. The expansion of trade.
5. Introduction of new cash crops example coconut and cloves.
6. Establishment of feudalism where African become serfs and tenants
7. Exploitation of African resources.

1. Death due to resistance against the Arabs
2. Spread of Swahili language.
3. Addition of Arabic words into Swahili language.
4. Spread of Islamic religion.
5. Much suffering of people due to slavery activities.

• The Bushmen and Hottentots were the earliest inhabitants of South Africa.
• The few scattered KhoiKhoi pastoralist and the San hunters were referred as Hottentots.
• They formed Khoisan as they both spoke languages which contain clicking sounds.
• Bushmen are short and have yellow or brown skin colour.
• Bushmen are probably the descendants of the Stone Age men.

• Rise of slave trade
• Colonialism

1. There were several human torture and transits.
2. Humiliation and dehumanization of the slaves.
3. Slave were chained and forced to carry heavy loads like salt, ivory and copper.
4. They were brutally whipped by their organizers.
5. They were blended like animals. Those who were unfit were killed or left to die on the way.

1. HOW SLAVE TRADE EMERGED

1. The first stage was dominated by the Portuguese who were shipping slave from Mozambique to Brazil in 18th century.
2. The second was dominated by the Dutch from Holland and French who had opened the coffee and sugar plantations in Mauritius and Re-union especially in 1770.
3. The third was due to the introduction of cloves plantations in Zanzibar in the early of 19th century.

• The great demand for cloves in the world market led to the expansion of cloves plantations which also increased the need for slaves.
• Slaves were needed for domestic and agricultural works in the Arabs countries in Asia. Due to above reasons the slave traders opened up slave trading centers (stations) such as Tabora, Ujiji, Kotakota, Chikole and Unyanyembe.
• The expansion of slave trade led to the opening up of market for slave activities. These markets in East Africa included Zanzibar which was the biggest market others were Kilwa, Bagamoyo, Mombasa and Pemba.

• Question of capital to buy Ivory and slaves. At the beginning the Indian merchants called “Banyans” based in Zanzibar supplied capital example cloth was used to buy Ivory and slaves.
• Organization of caravans. The famous traders who organized caravans were Tippu tippu between the East coast and present day Congo Kinshasa, Mlozi in Belgian, Rumaliza in Ujiji Kigoma and Msiri in urea country present day Zambia.
• The involvement of local rulers in the slave and ivory trade. Nyungu ya mawe, Isike and Mirambo among the Nyamwezi, Kabaka of Uganda, Mkwawa of wahehe, Machemba of Yao.

• From interior to the coast – Ivory and slaves, animal skins, minerals.
• From the coast to the interior caravans brought clothes, salts wine, glass ware beads and ornaments.

1. Through raiding village and capturing people.
2. Through selling prisoners of war obtained from local civil wars.
3. Through selling criminals.
4. Through selling of domestic slaves.
5. Through ways of laying and ambush.
6. Through use of trickery and false pretense.

1. Depopulation; many people were taken to work as slaves and others died on the way.
2. Insecurity and fear among the people.
3. Development of inter-states war.
4. Human torture and suffering
5. Hunger due to lack of good in areas were slave trade operated.

1. Killing of economic activities. Agriculture, pastoralism and industries were killed due to lack of manpower.
2. Technology stagnation; no innovation was made as all able bodied people were taken as slaves only children and old ones were left behind.
3. Underdevelopment of East Africa; slave trade increased dependence on European capitalist countries. generally slave trade had negative effects in Ea
   st Africa and it created many problems.

• The triangular trade (TATT) intercontinental trade; was the trading activities which was conducted by the Europeans in relation with the Africans and the Americans across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th to 18th century.
• The Trans – Atlantic triangular trade originated from the discovery made by Christopher Columbus who was born in 1451 Genoa, after the discovery of new world (American) in 1492.
• The Portuguese were the first foreigners to capture slaves at the coast of West Africa. In 1441, Alitam Goncalvez a Portuguese captured a man and a woman and sent them as gifts to the King of Portugal (Prince Henry the Navigator before his death in 1440.)

EUROPE – Supplied manufactured goods such as clothes, gun powder, glass were, sugar and tobacco.

1. The discovery of new world.

2. Advancement in marine technology between 15th and 17th century. Europeans nations developed marine technology as they had ships which could carry bullay cargo for a long distance.
3. Trade in gold from West Africa slave labour was used to the East then it was sent overseas.
4. Settlement of Portuguese in Saotome and principal islands where they opened sugar plantations.

1. Decline of production; this led people not to engaged in production especially in agriculture and mining activities due to slave trade.
2. Decrease of manpower; most of energetic people were captured and taken as slaves.
3. Technological stagnation.
4. Introduction of new crops example bananas, beans, cassava, and maize.
5. Development of forts example Lagos, port novo and Dakar
6. Emergency of local wealth classes; African local rulers participated in slave trade they become rich example Asantehene of Asante.
7. Integration of Africa into the world capitalist economy hence led to colonization of African continent.
8. Introduction of legitimate trade after abolition of slave trade; this was trade in natural products example rubber, cotton, palm oil and grand nuts.

1. Fear and insecurity.
2. Emergence of mullatos in West Africa.
3. Retardation of African culture.
4. Families were broken off.
5. They established artificial boundaries and treaties.
6. They opened up the interior of African where they search was around.
7. They facilitate destruction of African culture