ATOMIC PHYSICS
1. 1. Structure of the ATOM
-Describe the Rutherford and bohr’s models of the atom.
-Analyze atomic energy levels.
-Discuses the hydrogen energy levels, and derives expressions for the energy levels.
-Perform experiment to determine wavelength in the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum.
2. Quantum physics
– Describe failures of classical physics.
– Explain Planck’s quantum theory of blackbody radiation.
– Spectral distribution of black body radiation.
– Explain Einstein’s quantum theory of light.
– Perform experiment to determine the Planck’s constant.
– Account for the photoelectric effect phenomenon.
– Deduce stopping potential threshold frequency and work function of a metal.
– Explain the photo electric effect.
– Deduce de Broglie wave length for electron.
– Discus the wave- particle duality of electron.
– Derive de Broglie’s wavelength for the electron.
– Describe production and uses of x- rays.
– Uses in medicine, industry and in sample analysis.
-Describe the Rutherford and bohr’s models of the atom.
-Analyze atomic energy levels.
-Discuses the hydrogen energy levels, and derives expressions for the energy levels.
-Perform experiment to determine wavelength in the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum.
2. Quantum physics
– Describe failures of classical physics.
– Explain Planck’s quantum theory of blackbody radiation.
– Spectral distribution of black body radiation.
– Explain Einstein’s quantum theory of light.
– Perform experiment to determine the Planck’s constant.
– Account for the photoelectric effect phenomenon.
– Deduce stopping potential threshold frequency and work function of a metal.
– Explain the photo electric effect.
– Deduce de Broglie wave length for electron.
– Discus the wave- particle duality of electron.
– Derive de Broglie’s wavelength for the electron.
– Describe production and uses of x- rays.
– Uses in medicine, industry and in sample analysis.
3. 3. LASER
– Describe production of laser light.
– Explain properties of laser light.
– Distinguish types of lasers.
– Discuss methods of pumping in laser production.
– Identify application of laser light.
– Describe production of laser light.
– Explain properties of laser light.
– Distinguish types of lasers.
– Discuss methods of pumping in laser production.
– Identify application of laser light.
4. 4. Nuclear Physics
– Describe the structure of the nucleus.
* Review Rutherford experiment.
– Determine half life and the decay constant (λ) of a radioactive substance.
– Explain the relation of nuclear mass and binding energy.
* Discuss Einstein’s mass energy equation.
* Apply Einstein’s mass energy relation to determine the biding energy of nuclei.
– Identify criteria for stable and unstable nucleus.
* Analyze the neutron and proton ratio and plot N against Z for radioactive elements.
* Establish criteria for stable and unstable nuclei
– Identify uses and hazards of radioisotopes
* Application
* Hazards
– Distinguish between fission and fusion processes
* Meaning of fission and fusion
* Calculate the energy released in a nuclear fission
* Calculate the energy absorbed in nuclear fission
* Describe the application of nuclear fission and fusion
– Describe operation of a nuclease reactor
* Construction and operation of nucleus reactor for safe application
– Describe the structure of the nucleus.
* Review Rutherford experiment.
– Determine half life and the decay constant (λ) of a radioactive substance.
– Explain the relation of nuclear mass and binding energy.
* Discuss Einstein’s mass energy equation.
* Apply Einstein’s mass energy relation to determine the biding energy of nuclei.
– Identify criteria for stable and unstable nucleus.
* Analyze the neutron and proton ratio and plot N against Z for radioactive elements.
* Establish criteria for stable and unstable nuclei
– Identify uses and hazards of radioisotopes
* Application
* Hazards
– Distinguish between fission and fusion processes
* Meaning of fission and fusion
* Calculate the energy released in a nuclear fission
* Calculate the energy absorbed in nuclear fission
* Describe the application of nuclear fission and fusion
– Describe operation of a nuclease reactor
* Construction and operation of nucleus reactor for safe application
THOMSON’S MODEL OF ATOM
According to Thomson an atom is a positive charged sphere in which the entire mass and positive charge of the atom is uniform distributed with negative electrons embedded in it as shown.
The number of electrons is such that their negative charge is equal to the positive charge of the atom. This atom is electrically neutral.
This model was called Thomson’s plum pudding model because the negatively charge electrons (the plums) were embedded in a sphere of uniform positive charge (the pudding).
Drawbacks of this Model
1.It could not provide stability to the atom it is because the positive and negative charges are stationary and will be drawn towards each other, thus destroying the individual negative and positive charges.
2. It could not explain the presence of discrete spectral lines emitted by hydrogen and other atoms.
RUTHER FORD’S MODEL OF ATOM
The salient features of this model are
(i)Every atom consist of a tiny central core, called the nucleus which contains all the atom’s positive charge and most of its mass (99.9%).
(iii) The electrons occupy the space outside the nucleus. Since an atom is electrically neutral the positive charge on the nucleus is equal to the negative charge on electrons surrounding the nucleus.
(iv) Electrons are not stationary but revolve around the nucleus in various circular orbits as do the planets around the sun.
In this way Rutherford provided stability to the atom. It is because the centripetal force required by the electrons for revolution is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between electrons and the nucleus.
1.It could not provide stability to the atom it is because the positive and negative charges are stationary and will be drawn towards each other, thus destroying the individual negative and positive charges.
2. It could not explain the presence of discrete spectral lines emitted by hydrogen and other atoms.
RUTHER FORD’S MODEL OF ATOM
The salient features of this model are
(i)Every atom consist of a tiny central core, called the nucleus which contains all the atom’s positive charge and most of its mass (99.9%).
(iii) The electrons occupy the space outside the nucleus. Since an atom is electrically neutral the positive charge on the nucleus is equal to the negative charge on electrons surrounding the nucleus.
(iv) Electrons are not stationary but revolve around the nucleus in various circular orbits as do the planets around the sun.
In this way Rutherford provided stability to the atom. It is because the centripetal force required by the electrons for revolution is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between electrons and the nucleus.
e = charge on electron
z =total number of protons in the nucleus
m=mass of the electron
r =distance of electron from the nucleus
v= linear velocity of the electron
Force of attraction between electron and the nucleus is
where Ze is a nuclear charge
The centripetal force required to keep the electron moving in circular path is
Since the atom is stable
Kinetic energy of electron
From equation (1)
Potential energy of electron
Total energy of electron
The total energy of electron in the orbit is negative hence the electron is bound to the positive nucleus
For hydrogen Atom
For hydrogen atom z= 1. Therefore K. E and P.E OF electron in hydrogen atom are
The total energy of electrons hydrogen atom is
Limitations of Rutherford’s model of atom
1. According to Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism a charge that is accelerating radiates energy as electromagnetic waves
The electron moving around the nucleus is under constant accelerating radiates energy as electromagnetic waves.
The electron moving around the nucleus is under constant accelerating radiates energy as electromagnetic waves.
– Due to this continuous loss of energy the electrons in Rutherford’s model were bound to spiral towards the nucleus and fall into it when all of their rotational energy were radiated
– Hence Rutherford’s atomic model cannot be stable while in actual practice, an atom is stable
This shows that Rutherford’s model is not correct
1. During inward spiraling the electron’s angular frequency continuously increases
– As result electrons will radiate electromagnetic waves of all frequency i.e. the spectrum of these waves will be continuous in nature because these are continuous loss of energy.
– But this is contrary to observation experiments shows that an atom emits line spectra and each line corresponds to a particular frequency or wavelength.
Rutherford’s model failed to account for the stability of the atom. It was also unable to explain the emission of line spectra.
BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM
According to Bohr’s atomic model, the revolving electrons in the atom do not emit radiations under all conditions. They do so under certain conditions as expalined by him in his model.
BASIC POSTULATES OF BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM
BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM
According to Bohr’s atomic model, the revolving electrons in the atom do not emit radiations under all conditions. They do so under certain conditions as expalined by him in his model.
BASIC POSTULATES OF BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM
1. The electrons revolve around the nucleus of the atom in circular orbits. The centripetal force required by electrons for revolution is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between the electrons and the nucleus.
2. An electron can revolve only in those circular orbits in which its angular momentum is an integral multiple of
h= Plank’s constant.
Radius of orbit r
From,
Since n is a whole number only certain value of r is allowed.
Thus according to Bohr, an electron can revolve only in certain orbits of definite radii not in all these are called stable orbits (stationary orbit)
According to this postulate the angular momentum of the electron does not have continuous range i.e. the angular momentum of the revolving electron is quantized.
While revolving in stable or stationary orbits the electrons do not radiate energy inspite of their acceleration towards the centre of the orbit.
– For this reason these permitted orbits are called stable or stationary orbits.
e= charge on electron
m= mass of electron
rn= radius of the nth orbit
vn= velocity of electron in the nth orbit
Z= number of positive charge (protons)
Positive charge on nucleus Ze
RADIUS OF BOHR’S STATIONARY ORBITS
Positive charge on nucleus Ze
RADIUS OF BOHR’S STATIONARY ORBITS
As the centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and electron.
According to Bohr
Consider equation
Take equation (ii) square it
Take equation (iii) equation (i)
equation (i)
= 
. 
It is clear that n2, radii of the stationary orbits are in ratio 12: 22:32 ………..clearly the stationary orbits are not equally spaced.
n2, radii of the stationary orbits are in ratio 12: 22:32 ………..clearly the stationary orbits are not equally spaced.For hydrogen atom
For hydrogen atom z= 1, so that equation become
Now = 0.53 x10-10m
= 0.53 x10-10m
e = electronic charge = (0. 53 x 10-10) metres
= (0. 53 x 10-10) 
metres
Thus the radii of the first, second and third stationary orbits of hydrogen atom are 0.53 Å, 2.12 Å and 4.77Å respectively.
2. VELOCITY OF ELECTRON IN BOHR’S STATIONARY ORBIT
From equation below, we have
Putting the value of into that equation
into that equation
It is clear that in other words, electrons move at a lower speed in higher orbits and vice versa.
in other words, electrons move at a lower speed in higher orbits and vice versa.For hydrogen atom
Z =1
Then
3. FREQUENCY OF ELECTRON IN STATIONARY ORBIT
The number of revolution completed per second by the electron in a stationary orbit around the nucleus
Velocity of electron in the orbit
orbit
For hydrogen atom
Z = 1
Then,
Frequency of electron in the first orbit of hydrogen atom is n=1, r1=0.53×10-10m
Electron in first orbit of hydrogen atom will have a frequency of 6.57x 1015revolutions per second.
4. TOTAL ENERGY OF ELECTRON IN STATIONARY ORBIT
The total energy En of the electron in the nth orbit is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in the nth orbit.
– The K.E of electron in the nth orbit is
The potential energy of electron in the nth orbit is
Total energy of electron in the nth orbit is
But
Thus as n increases i.e. electron moves to higher orbit, the total energy of the electron increases i.e. total energy becomes less negative.
For hydrogen atom z=1
Thus the total energy of electron in a stationary orbit is negative which means that the electron is bound to the nucleus and it is not free to leave the atom.
We can find the total energy of electron in the various orbits of hydrogen atoms as under.
The total energy of electron increases i.e. becomes less negative as the electron goes to higher orbits
When n→∞ En =0 and the electron becomes free
Ground state/ normal state
This is the state of atom when the entire electrons in it occupies their lowest energy levels as required by their n and l values.
The energy of an atom is least i.e. largest negative value when n=1 i.e. when electron revolves in the first orbit.
The energy of hydrogen atom in the ground state is 13.6eV.
Excited state
This is the state of an atom when electrons in an atom occupy energy levels higher than those permitted by the values of n and l values.
At room temperature most of the hydrogen atoms are in the ground state
If hydrogen atom absorbs energy i.e. due to rise in temperature it may be promoted to one of the higher orbits (i.e. n=2, 3, 4…..)
The atom is said to be in the excited state.
WAVE LENGTH OF EMITTED RADIATION.
When an electron jumps from a higher orbit (n2) to the lower orbit (n1) the energy difference between the two orbits is released because the energy of electron in the higher orbit is more than in the lower orbit. Consider two orbits having principle quantum numbers n2 and n1 where n2>n1
WAVE LENGTH OF EMITTED RADIATION.
When an electron jumps from a higher orbit (n2) to the lower orbit (n1) the energy difference between the two orbits is released because the energy of electron in the higher orbit is more than in the lower orbit. Consider two orbits having principle quantum numbers n2 and n1 where n2>n1
Then energy of electron in the two orbits is given by
As the electron jumps from orbit n2 to n1, energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
where
f= frequency of the emitted radiation
The wavelength of the emitted radiation is given by
c=λf
= 
This equation gives the wavelength of emitted radiation.
Now,
=
= wave number
Wave number
These are the number of waves in a unit length.
For hydrogen atom
For hydrogen atom z = 1
This gives the mathematical formula for the wavelength of radiation emitted by hydrogen atom when electron jumps from outer orbit to inner orbit.
where
RH is Rydberg constant. The value of RH can be calculated as the value of e, m, h and c are known
HOW TO CALCULATE THE RYDBERG CONSTANT USING CALCULATOR
From
Clearly, wavelength/frequency of radiation emitted from the excited atom is not continuous. They have definite value depending upon the values of , and
SPECTRAL SERIES OF HYDROGEN ATOM
, and 
SPECTRAL SERIES OF HYDROGEN ATOM
Bohr gave a mathematical explanation for the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
The whole hydrogen spectrum can be divided into district groups of lines each group of lines is called spectral series.
The wavelength of the lines in each group can be calculated from Bohr’s formula
=
The following are spectral series of hydrogen atom
i) Lyman series
ii) Balmer series
iii) Paschen series
iv) Bracket series
v) Pfund series
i) Lyman series
The Lyman series is obtained when electron jump to first orbit n1=1 from outer orbits (=2, 3, 4…)
=2, 3, 4…) Therefore the formula for calculating the wavelength of the lines in this series is,
where
This series lies in the ultraviolet region which is the invisible region.
ii) Balmer series
Therefore the formula for calculating the wavelength of the lines in this series is
where
This series lies in the visible spectrum and was found first of all in the hydrogen series
iii) Paschen series
iii) Paschen series
Therefore the formula for calculating the wavelength of the lines in this series is
where
This series lies in the infrared region.
iv) Brackett series
Therefore the formula for calculated the wavelength of the lines in this series is
This series lies in the infrared region.
v) Pfund series
The Pfunds series is obtained when electrons jump to fifth orbit n1 = 5 from outer orbits (n2 =6, 7, 8…..)
The Pfunds series is obtained when electrons jump to fifth orbit n1 = 5 from outer orbits (n2 =6, 7, 8…..)
Therefore the formula for calculating the wavelength of the lines in this series is
where
(n2 =6, 7, 8…..)
This series also lies in the infrared region
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM
Energy level diagram is a diagram in which the total energies of electron in different stationary orbit of an atom represented by parallel horizontal lines drawn according to some suitable energy scale
In order to draw energy level diagram of an atom we must know the total energy of electron in different stationary orbits.
The total energy of an electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom is given by
By putting value of n=1, 2, 3….. we can find the total energy of electron in various stationary orbits of hydrogen atom as
Similarly we can find the total energy of electron in the higher orbits
The table below gives the total energy of electron of hydrogen atom in different stationary orbits.
The energy level diagram of hydrogen atom is shown below
Total energy of electron in a stationary orbit is represented by a horizontal line drawn to some suitable energy scale.
(i) The hydrogen atom has only one electron and this normally occupies the lowest level and has energy of -13.6eV
When the electron is in this level the atom is said to be in the ground state.At room temperature nearly all the atoms of hydrogen are in ground.
(ii) If hydrogen atom absorbs energy (due to rise in temperature )the electron may be promoted into one of the higher energy levels
The atom is now said to be in an excited state.Thus when the electron occupies other than the lowest energy level the atom is said to be in the excited state.
(iii) Once in an excited state the atom is unstable after a short time interval the electron falls back into the lowest state so that the atom is again in the ground state.
The energy that was originally impacted is emitted as electromagnetic waves.
(iv) The total energy of electron for (n=) it becomes free of atom.
) it becomes free of atom. The minimum energy required to free the electron from the ground state of an atom is called ionization energy
For hydrogen atom ionization energy is +13. 6eV
(v) The difference between the adjacent energy goes on decreasing as the value of n increases.
So much so that when n>10 the energy difference is almost zero this is show by closeness of energy level lines at higher levels.
(vi) Note that region is labeled continuous at energy above zero n= level, the electron is free from the atom and is at rest
level, the electron is free from the atom and is at rest Higher energy represents the translation kinetic energy of the free electron
This energy is not quantized and so all energies above n = are allowed
IMPORTANT TERMS
are allowedIMPORTANT TERMS
It is desirable to discuss some important terms much used in the study of structure of atom.
(i) EXCITATION ENERGY
Excitation energy is the minimum energy required to excite an atom in the ground state to one of the higher stationary state.
Hydrogen atoms are usually in their lowest energy state where n=1
In this state (ground state) they are said to be unexcited.
However if you bombard the atoms with particles such as electron or proto collision can excite them
In other words a collision may give an atom enough energy to change it from ground state to some higher stationary state.Consider the case of hydrogen atom we know that = -13.6eV (ground state = -3.4eV (first excited state) =1.51eV (second excited state) and =0
= -13.6eV (ground state 
= -3.4eV (first excited state) 
=1.51eV (second excited state) and 
=0In order to lift an electron from ground state n =1 to the first excited state n=2 energy required is E
E =–
– 
E= -3.4 – (- 13.6)
E = 10.2eV
Therefore the bombarding particle must provide an energy of 10.2eV to excite the atom from n =1 state to n=2 state
Therefore the bombarding particle must provide an energy of 10.2eV to excite the atom from n =1 state to n=2 state
Similarly to excite the atom from n=1 state to n=3 state energy required is
E = – 1.51 – (-13.6)
E = 12.1eV
We say that first and second excitation energies of hydrogen are 10.2eV and 12.1eV respectively
(ii) EXCITATION POTENTIAL
Excitation potential is the minimum accelerating potential which provide an electron energy sufficient to jump from the ground state n=1 to one of the outer orbits
Energy required to lift a electron from ground state n=1 to n=2 state is
Hence excitation potential for the first excited state of hydrogen is 10. 2V
Similarly energy required to lift an electron from ground state n=1 to n=2
The value of excitation potential depend upon the state to which the atom is excited to which the atom is excited from the ground state
(iii) IONIZATION ENERGY
Ionization energy is the minimum energy needed to ionized an atom
Consider the case of hydrogen atom it has only one electron and this normally occupies the ground state.
The energy of the electron for n= state is zero and if the electron is lifted to this level (n=) it becomes free of hydrogen atom i.e. hydrogen atom is ionized
state is zero and if the electron is lifted to this level (n=) it becomes free of hydrogen atom i.e. hydrogen atom is ionized
(iv) IONIZATION POTENTIAL
Ionization potential is the minimum accelerating potential which would provide electron energy sufficient to just remove the electron from the atom.
The ionization potential of one electron atom or ion is given by
(v) QUANTIZATION OF ENERGY
Quantization of energy is the existence of energy radiated by atoms in a specific amount which is are integral multiples of a constant (hf).
SUCCESS OF BOHR’S THEORY
The success of bohr’s theory is not to be attributed so much to the mechanical picture of atom he proposed but rather to the development of mathematical explanation that agrees exactly with experimental observations. Bohr’s theory achieved the following successes.
i) MADE ATOM STABLE
Bohr’s theory made the atom stable according to this theory an electron moving in the formatted (quantum) orbits cannot lose energy even though under constant acceleration. This provided stability to the atom.
ii) INTRODUCED QUANTUM MECHANICS
Bohr’s theory introduced quantum mechanics in the realm of atom for the first time
Bohr’s explained that sub- atomic particles e.g. electrons are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and not by classical laws of electron hydrogen as assumed by Rutherford
This completely changed our thinking and was the major step towards the discovery of the rudiment laws of the atomic world
iii) GAVE MATHEMATICAL EXPLANATION OF HYDROGEN SERIES
The hydrogen series found by various scientists were based on empirical relation but had no mathematical explanation
However these relations were easy derived by applying Bohr Theory
Further the size of hydrogen atom as calculated from this theory agreed very closely with the experimental value.
LIMITATIONS OF BOHR’S THEORY
Bohr’s simple theory of circular orbits inspire of its many successes was found inadequate to explain many phenomena observed experimentally.
This theory suffered from the following drawbacks.
(i) It could not explain the difference in the intensities of emitted radiations.
(ii) It is silent about the wave properties of electron
(iii) It could not explain experimentally observed phenomena such as Zeeman Effect, Stack effect etc.
(iv) Bohr’s model does not explain why the orbit are circular while elliptical path is also possible
(v) It could only partially explain hydrogen atom. For example this theory does not explain the fine structure of spectral lines in the hydrogen atom
WORKED EXAMPLES
1. 1. Find the radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom. What will be the velocity of electron in the first orbit? Hence find the size of hydrogen atom
Solution
The radius of nth orbit of it atom is given by
Radius of first orbit of it atom n=1
Velocity of electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom is given by
= 
Velocity of electron in the first orbit of hydrogen atom is given by
Since there is one electron in hydrogen atom the size hydrogen atom is equal to double the radius of the first orbit
Size of the atom
= 2
= 2 x 0.53Å
Size of an atom =1.06Å
2 2. (a) The hydrogen atom is stable in the ground, state why?
(b) The ionization energy of hydrogen is 13. 6eV what does it mean?
(c) Calculate the wavelength of second line of Lyman series
Solution
If the hydrogen atom is in the ground state (n=1) there is no state of lower energy to which a down ward transition can occur thus a hydrogen atom in the ground state is stable
a) It means that energy required to remove the single electron from the lowest energy state of hydrogen atom to becomes free electron is 13.6eV
b) Second line of Lyman series is obtained when electron jumps from third orbit =3 to the first orbit n=1
=3 to the first orbit n=1According to Bohr’s theory the wavelength of emitted radiation is given by
=
= 
= x 
3 3.( a) What is the meaning of negative energy of orbiting electron?
(b) What would happen if the electron in atom were stationary?
Solution
a) The negative total energy means that it is bound to the nucleus. If it acquires enough energy from some external source (a collision for example) to make its total energy zero the electron is no longer bound it is free.
b) If the electrons were stationary they would fall into the nucleus due to electrostatic force of attraction so atom would be unstable i.e. it would not exist
c) For Paschen series we have longest wavelength line=4
This is a wavelength in the infrared part. Other lines in this series have shorter wavelength bad approach series limit of wavelength to given by This wavelength is also in the hydrogen part. This the range or centre series (820.4nm to 1875nm) is the infrared
a) The negative total energy means that it is bound to the nucleus. If it acquires enough energy from some external source (a collision for example) to make its total energy zero the electron is no longer bound it is free.
b) If the electrons were stationary they would fall into the nucleus due to electrostatic force of attraction so atom would be unstable i.e. it would not exist
c) For Paschen series we have longest wavelength line
=4This is a wavelength in the infrared part. Other lines in this series have shorter wavelength bad approach series limit of wavelength to given by This wavelength is also in the hydrogen part. This the range or centre series (820.4nm to 1875nm) is the infrared
4. a) If an electron jumps from first orbit to third orbit will it absorb energy?
b) Name the series of hydrogen spectrum lying in the infrared region
c) Calculate the shortest wavelength of the Balmer series
d) What is the energy possessed by an electron for n=?
Solution
a) Yes it is because the energy level of third orbit is more than that of the first orbit
b) * Paschen series
* Bracket series
* P fund series
Solution
In Balmer series the radiation of shortest wavelength (i.e. of highest of highest energy) is emitted when electron jumps from infinity orbit= to the second orbit =2 of hydrogen atom.
Solution
In Balmer series the radiation of shortest wavelength (i.e. of highest of highest energy) is emitted when electron jumps from infinity orbit
= to the second orbit 
=2 of hydrogen atom.5 5. a) The ionization potential of hydrogen is 13.6V what does it mean?
b) Find the longest wavelength in Lyman series
c) How much is the ionization potential of hydrogen atom?
d) The energy of the hydrogen atom in the ground state is 13.6eV. Determine the energies of those energy levels whose quantum numbers are 2 and 3.
Solution
a) The ionization energy of hydrogen is 13.6eV. Therefore, if an electron which has been accelerated from rest through a p.d of 13.6V collides with a hydrogen atom it has exactly the right amount of energy to produce ionization.
This is a common method of producing ionization and therefore the term ionization potential is often used.
b)
Solution
Solution
In Lyman series the radiation of longest wavelength (i.e. lowest energy) is emitted when electron jumps from second orbit =2 to first orbit n=1 of hydrogen atom
=2 to first orbit n=1 of hydrogen atomc) The energy of hydrogen atom in the ground state is – 13.6eV. therefore its ionization energy is 13.6eV and ionization potential =13.6V
d) Solution
The energy of an electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom is given by
6
6. a) Name the series of hydrogen spectrum lying in the
6. a) Name the series of hydrogen spectrum lying in the
i) Visible region
ii) Utraviolet region of electromagnetic spectrum
b) Write the empirical relation for Paschen series lines of hydrogen spectrum
c) What are the values of first and second excitation potential of hydrogen atom?
d) Calculate the radii and the energy of three lowest energy allowed orbits for the electron in Lithium ion. What is the energy of a photon that when absorbed causes an electron in Lithium ion to be excited from n=1 to n=3 state?
Solution
a) i) Balmer series
ii) Lyman series
b) The wavelength of the spectral lines in paschen series are given by
c) Excitation energy for first excited state = –3.4 – (-13.6)
=10.2eV
For second excited state
= – (1. 51 – (-13.6)
= 12.1eV
Solution
d) (I ) for a single electron atom or ion the radius of the nth orbit is given
For a single electron atom or ion the energy of electron in the nth o
rbit is given by
rbit is given by
Thus the energy of n=1, 2 and 3 orbits. The photo energy must be equal to the energy needed to excite the electron
E3 – E1 =hf
(-13.6) – (-122.4) =photon’s energy
Photon’s energy = 108.8eV
Photon’s energy = 108.8eV
7. The ionization energy of hydrogen like atom is 4rydbergs
(a) What is the wavelength of radiation emitted when electron jumps from first excited state to the ground state?
(b)What is the radius of the first orbit for this atom?
(d) According to Bohr’s theory what is the angular momentum of a electron in the third orbit
Solution
The energy electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen like atom is
The energy required to excite the electron from n=1 level to n=2
If is the wavelength of the emitted radiations then, Radius of first orbit for this atom
Solution
( b) Radius of nth orbit
(c) Solution
Angular momentum L of an electron in nth orbit is
L = n
Here n=3
Then
L= 3
L=
7 8. The energy levels of an atom are shown in figure below.
(a)Which one of these transitions will result in the emission of photon of wavelength 275nm?
(b) An electron orbiting in hydrogen atom has energy level of 3.4eV what will be its angular momentum
(c) The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is about
– 3. 4eV what is the wavelength?
solution
(a) Energy of emitted photon E
(c) The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is about
– 3. 4eV what is the wavelength?
solution
(a) Energy of emitted photon E
Therefore photon of wavelength 275nm will be emitted for transition B
Solution
(d) K.E of electron = -(total energy of electron)
K.E of electron =3.4eV
ii) P.E of electron = 2xtotal energy
P.E of electron = -6.8eV
10. (a) How many lines can be drawn the energy level diagram of hydrogen atom?
(b) Use Bohr’s model to determine the ionization energy of the He ion also calculate the minimum wavelength a photo must have to cause ionization
(d) i) In neon atom the energies of the 3s and 3p states are respectively 16.70eV and 18.70eV. What wavelength corresponds to 3p -3s transitions in neon atom?
ii) The wavelength of the first member of the Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is 6563Å. Calculate the wavelength of first member of Lyman series in the same spectrum
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