AFRICAN RESPONSE TO THE EUROPEAN COLONIZATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

AFRICAN RESPONSE TO THE EUROPEAN COLONIZATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. State six causes of the Maji Maji uprising.
   1. The use of Arabs and Waswahili as Jumbes and Akidas by the Germans was resented by the people of Southern Tanzania.
   2. The Africans resented taxes imposed on hem by the Germans/hut tax.
   3. German administrators were cruel, harsh, oppressive and corrupt and this provided resentment.
   4. Africans resented being forces to grow cotton/cash crops.
   5. Africans hated forced labour for public works and European settles. vi)

 Land loss to European settlers.

1. The Germans showed disrespect for African culture e.g. rape, sleeping with Ngindo women which was a crime punished by death.

viii) Desire by Africans to regain their independence, ix)

 Disrespect to traditional African rulers e.g. flogging them in public.

1. Name the empire which was ruled by Samori Toure during the European invasion of Africa.

 – The Mandinka empire.

1. Explain six factors which influenced Lewanika of the Balozi to collaborate with the British.
   1. Lewaninka collaborated with the British in order to protect his kingdom against the Germans and Portuguese/European enemies.
   2. Lewaninka desired Western educational and civilization and wanted the

British to introduce it in his country/wanted his sons to be educated. iii)

Lewaninka wanted the British to protect him against internal enemies eg.

1884 Lewaninka faced an internal rebellion/safe guard his position. iv)

Lewaninka was encouraged to collaborate with the British by King Kham of Botswana who had already sought British sought British protection against Boers.

1. Lewaninka saw the futility of resisting a strong power like Britain, so he chose to collaborate,
2. Lewaninka wanted the British to protect his kingdom from attacks by other African communities such as the Ndembele and Shona/Africans enemies.
3. Lewaninka was influenced by the European missionaries who had visited earlier to collaborate.
4. In order to preserve the economic structure of his people.
5. Desire for the promotion of trade between Britain and his people.

1. a) Explain why Maji Maji uprising occurred between 1905 and 1907.
   1. Cruelty and brutality of the German colonial administrators especially the

   Akidas and Jumbes. ii) Forced labour on the German plantations and other works which dehumanized the Africans.

   1. Imposition of taxation e.g. hut tax provoked resentment among Africans.
   2. Compulsory growing of cotton on unsuitable soils and hence poor yields.
   3. The Africans desired to retain their lost independence.
   4. Disrespect for African culture by the German administrators e.g. In

   Uganda, the German misbehaved with Ngindo women/raping. vii) Land alienation viii) The charismatic role played by Kinjeketile in using region to unify the people of southern Tanzania against the Germans/role of religion/Kinjeketile Ngwale.

   b) What was the outcome of the Maji Maji uprising against Germans

   ecolebooks.com
   1. The uprising led to destruction of property in southern Tanzania.
      
   2. There was loss of many lives through the war e.g. hanging of some leader.
   3. Many people were displaced as they escaped from the war – torn region of southern Tanzania/break up of families.
   4. The German colonial government changed its policies e.g. abolition of forced labour.
   5. Change of German colonial administrators because they understood their system better/less harsh. vi) Betrayed Africans confidence in their religion and the magic water – many turned to Christianity, vii) Created division between those communities, which resisted and those which collaborated/bitter feelings amongst people.
   6. Arrest and imprisonment of Africans.
   7. Africans learnt the futility of fighting against better – armed opponent.

1. State the contribution of religion in the Maji Maji uprising against the
   Germans.

   • A religious leader Kinjeketile Ngwale used magic water which e claimed to had

   Magic power h from the ancestors against German bullets, encourage and unite people of southern Tanzania to rise against foreign rule.

2. a) What factors led to the success of Menelik of Ethiopia against the

   Italians at the battle of Adowa.

   1. Menelik had the support of the provincial rulers/kings.
   2. He was to unite Ethiopians against the common enemy, the Italians.
   3. Menelik had large well trained army with modern weapons which he had acquired from Europeans
      iv) The Ethiopian soldiers knew the terrain of their country/applied guerilla warfare.
   4. Adequate food supply to sustain the prolonged war.
   5. Menelik used diplomacy by playing off one European power against another to delay Italian attack.

The Ethiopians were anxious (Determined) to be independent of European

control.

viii) Italian soldiers were incompetent and ill prepared/underrated Ethiopians military strength.

b) Describe the result of the battle of Adowa.

1. The Ethiopian victory led to their independence.
2. It led to the signing of the 1986 Addis Ababa treaty in which Ethiopians independence.
3. Other European nations such as France, Britain and Russia established diplomatic relations with Ethiopia.
4. Many soldiers both Egyptians and Italians lost their lives in the fighting.
5. The war brought about general destruction of property. vi)

 Insecurity brought by the halted economic activities.

vii) The victory enabled Ethiopia leaders to consolidate their unity and identify as a nation viii) Led to the resignation of the Italian Prime Minister due to humiliation at

Adowa.

1. Give one reason why some Africans communities collaborated with the
   European imperialists.
   1. Influence from the Missionaries.
   2. To get assistance against their enemies/hostile neighbours.
   3. Show them courtesy assuming they would soon leave/ignorance of the intensions of Europeans.
   4. To get material gains/benefits e.g. guns, clothes, luxury goods etc.
   5. Saw it futile to resist a stronger force, vi) Traditional rulers.

 vii) To get education and medicals services.

1. a) What factors enabled Samori Toure to resist French colonization in

West

Africa between 1882 and 1898?

1. He had a large well – Organised army which was a formidable force for the French.
2. He equipped his army with modern weapons which were acquired from the Europeans and also manufactured some locally. iii) He used Mandinka nationalism and Islam to unify the soldiers/army. iv)

He has adequate food supply which sustained the army.

1. He used guerilla warfare and scorched earth policy which proved effective against the French.
2. Some of his soldiers had served in the French colonial army and were thus familiar with the French war tactics.
3. Use of horses by Samori during the war enhanced the soldiers effectiveness. viii) Samori’s soldiers were familiar with the terrain. This enabled democratic assignment of duties.

He was a competent leader who inspired his soldier democratic assignment of duties.

x) He used diplomacy e.g. he signed the Bussandugu Treaty (1886) to get more time to organise himself. xi) Samori shifted his empire and capital further inland to give him more time to re-organise his forces.

b) Explain four result of the defeat of the Mandinka by the French in the nineteenth century.

1. The Mandinka empire disintegrated as the French established the areas.
2. Property was destroyed due to the use of the scorched policy causing famine and suffering to the people. iv) Some Mandinka fled to other countries such as Ghana and Ivory Coast to avoid French colonial

rule.

 iv) Samori Toure was captured and exiled to Gabon in 1989.

9. a) What reasons led to the failure of Maji Maji rebellion in 1907?

i) Africans were not well organized in their resistance. Each Community fought on its own/lack of proper co – ordination. ii) The magic water failed to protect Africans from German bullets leading to the death of African soldiers into the battle.

1. The Africans did not unite to face the common enemy, for example the

   Hehe and Nyamwezi did not join the revolt/lack of unity.

2. The Germans received reinforcement from Germany and other colonies and their number overwhelmed the African soldiers.
3. Africans soldiers lacked enough weapons to use against the Germans vi) The ruthlessness of the German soldiers in crushing the rebellion

e.g. use of scorched earth policy.

 vii) Capture and execution of leaders demoralized the warriors.

b) Explain five reforms that were introduced by the German administration after the Maji Maji uprising.

1. Communal cotton growing was stopped and Africans were encouraged to

plant their own cotton and get profit from it.

1. Force labour for settler farms was abolished.
2. Corporal punishment was forbidden and those settlers who mistreated their workers were punished.
3. Better educational and medical services for Africans were introduced.
4. Africans were involved in Administration of the regions as Akidas and Jumbes. vi) The new governor censured newspaper that supported settlers against Africans, vii) A new governor censured newspapers that supported settlers against Africans. viii) A colonial department of German government was formed in 1907 to closely investigate the affairs to German East Africa.
5. Extra taxation of Africans was rejected by the new governors.
6. Kiswahili was accepted as the official language.

 Colonial administration in Tanganyika was tailored to suit the Africans.