GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL(FORM SIX) NOTES – REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES – 5.7 ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY TOURISM

REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES – 5.7 ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY TOURISM

Tourism is the movement of people away from home to other places of interest for leisure, pleasure, studies, and more. It involves visiting places such as wildlife conservation areas, historical sites, museums, beaches, and others.

Scope of Tourism

Tourism is both a socio-cultural and economic activity.

1. As a socio-cultural enterprise: Tourism involves traveling for rest, relaxation, pleasure, curiosity, or study tours. People travel to study cultural aspects different from their own country or to view spectacular natural features like mountains, lakes, and diverse wildlife. Some travel for adventurous activities such as mountain climbing on Mount Kilimanjaro. Tourism also provides employment opportunities to local people.
2. As an economic enterprise: Tourism generates foreign currency through visitors and expands markets for local products. Some tourists bring goods with them, while others seek new markets for their products.

Revenue from tourism can be invested in other economic projects to develop the country. For example, tourism in Switzerland has boosted the economy and contributed to large-scale industrial development.

Thus, tourism promotes culture, widens markets for local goods, expands education, creates employment, and generates capital for other economic sectors.

Types of Tourism

1. Domestic tourism: travel within one’s own country, e.g., from Dar es Salaam to Mikumi or from Tabora to Serengeti National Park.
2. International tourism: travel from one country to another for leisure or studies.

Factors that Encourage the Development of Tourism

I. Physical Factors

1. Pleasant climatic conditions, especially sunny weather, attract tourists from colder countries during winter.
2. Attractive landscapes such as mountains, craters, lakes, coastal beaches, canyons, and deserts.

II. Socio-Cultural Factors

3. Historical and architectural sites like cities, churches, mosques, temples, palaces, and pyramids.
4. Recreational resorts and swimming places.
5. Good social services including shopping centers, medical facilities, quality food, water supply, and well-trained staff.
6. Natural parks such as Serengeti, Yellowstone, and Yosemite.
7. Local skills like Makonde carvings in Tanzania, traditional dressing styles, and dances among the Maasai and Sukuma.

III. Economic Factors

8. Availability of capital to invest in the tourism industry.
9. Advancements in transport and communication such as air transport, roads, railways, water transport, and internet services, facilitating accessibility.

IV. Political Factors

10. Peace in the country encourages tourism, as tourists prefer visiting peaceful countries like Tanzania and avoid areas with political problems such as civil wars.
11. Government policies that support tourism development by financing or providing favorable, non-restrictive conditions.

Importance of Tourism

1. Provides employment in hotels, guiding, game parks, and travel agencies.
2. Generates foreign currency for the country.
3. Facilitates rapid improvement in tourism-related technology.
4. Offers opportunities for recreation and enjoyment.
5. Introduces new cultures.
6. Strengthens international relationships.
7. Enables the use of marginal land for economic development, e.g., national parks.
8. Promotes international respectability, e.g., Switzerland is known as the “playground of Europe.”

Reasons for the Increase in Tourism Nowadays

1. Greater wealth and higher living standards enable more travel.
2. Increased interest in studying other cultures.
3. Longer paid holidays.
4. Development of better transport facilities, especially air transport, and increased car ownership.
5. Cheaper transport services, especially air transport.
6. Development of attractive national parks worldwide.
7. Increasing number of active people.
8. Greater awareness of locations, facilities, and opportunities through education, advertising, and media.

Trend of Tourism at a Global Level

World tourism grew by an estimated 7.4% in 2000, its highest growth rate in nearly a decade, almost double the increase of 1999. However, Africa’s international arrivals increased by only 1.5%. Countries like Kenya, Zambia, Mauritius, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria achieved strong growth, while South Africa and Zimbabwe stagnated or declined. South Africa’s tourist arrivals grew by just 1% to over six million in 2000. Zimbabwe saw a 60% decline to 840,000 visitors due to land conflicts. Crime reports and regional issues also affected tourism.

German tourists remained the world’s second-largest travelers after Americans, with 48.4 million people traveling in 2000. Spain was the most popular holiday destination, followed by Italy, Australia, France, Turkey, and Greece.

Major Problems Affecting Tourism Development Worldwide

1. Terrorism, such as the 9/11 attacks in the USA, has scared many tourists and led to travel restrictions.
2. Crime against visitors in various parts of the world.
3. Environmental hazards like floods and earthquakes in certain regions.
4. Political conflicts and wars in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Middle East.
5. Poor transport and communication networks in developing countries.

Negative Effects of Tourism

1. Environmental degradation such as deforestation, erosion, water, and air pollution.
2. Spread of diseases like AIDS.
3. High capital requirements may discourage other economic sectors.
4. Potential acceleration of terrorism as terrorists may enter as tourists.
5. Destruction of local cultures.
6. Conflicts arising from cultural destruction.

Solutions to Tourism Problems

1. Educate visitors about local cultures to prevent interference.
2. Limit the number of visitors to conserve the environment.
3. Open new tourist areas to reduce congestion.
4. Governments and international organizations should actively support and regulate tourism.
5. Involve local communities to benefit and help conserve tourist attractions.
6. Integrate tourism with environmental conservation through eco-tourism.

ECO-TOURISM (GREEN TOURISM)

Eco-tourism combines ecological aspects with tourism activities, aiming to minimize negative environmental impacts while promoting conservation.

Principles of Eco-tourism

1. Based on undisturbed natural environments and encourages non-damaging activities.
2. Enhances conservation attitudes among people.
3. Strives to improve local communities economically and socially while conserving the environment.
4. Promotes positive interaction between tourists and local communities.
5. Raises awareness among locals about the importance of conservation.
6. Emphasizes proper planning and monitoring of tourism and conservation activities.

Eco-tourism involves travel, business, economics, environmental management, and human activities.

Importance of Eco-tourism to Local Communities

1. Empowers local communities to design, organize, and control conservation activities, increasing motivation and participation.
2. Improves living standards through income generation and employment.
3. Preserves cultural aspects and the environment.
4. Promotes peaceful relationships between locals, visitors, and conservation efforts.
5. Helps control diseases like AIDS through community participation.
6. Raises environmental awareness among locals.
7. Introduces new technology and education through visitor interaction.
8. Supports watershed management to reduce water pollution.
9. Improves markets for local products like Makonde carvings.
10. Stimulates transport and communication development, aiding poverty alleviation.

CASE STUDIES

Tourism in Kenya

Factors for fast development of tourism in Kenya:

1. Rich fauna and flora attracting visitors.
2. Attractive scenery, climate, mountains like Mount Kenya, and lakes.
3. Proximity to the coast facilitating visitor movement.
4. Efficient management of the tourism industry.
5. Strong government support.
6. Relative political stability.
7. Wide international promotion with offices in England, Zambia, Switzerland, Germany, and the USA.
8. Industrial base and agricultural prosperity, e.g., tea plantations.
9. English language facilitates communication with tourists.
10. Developed transport systems like roads and airways.

Attractions (Honey pots) in Kenya

1. National parks such as Tsavo, Meru, Nairobi, Amboseli, Mount Kenya, Mount Elgon, Lake Nakuru, and marine parks like Malindi, Watamu, and Kisite/Mpunguti.
2. Game reserves like Shimba Hills, Maasai Mara, Marsabit, and Buffalo Springs.
3. Coastal attractions including fishing grounds, beaches, hotels, cliffs, caves, spits, and bars.
4. Great Rift Valley scenery, lakes, and rivers.
5. Development schemes like Galole and Mwea-Tebere irrigation and large-scale tea plantations.
6. Historical sites like Fort Jesus in Mombasa, Gedi Ruins in Malindi, Kilaguni, and Voi.

Tourism in Tanzania

Tanzania is famous for its unique tourist features and has a bright future due to:

• Government interest and active promotion by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism.
• Promotion offices in Germany, Sweden, North America, and England.
• New promotion campaigns and logos emphasizing Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar.
• Wide variety of tourist attractions including game reserves, national parks, beaches, historical sites, and cultural aspects.
• Development of new tourist areas in the southern circuit, lake region, coastal areas, and islands like Mafia and Zanzibar.
• East African cooperation enhancing security, visitor mobility, and visa procedures.
• Political stability attracting visitors compared to neighboring conflict areas.
• Use of information technology for effective tourism management.
• Involvement of local communities in conservation projects.
• Support from foreign investors, especially Germany.
• Increasing tourist numbers and foreign exchange earnings.

Tourist Attractions (Honey pots) in Tanzania

1. Mountains like Kilimanjaro (snow-capped), active volcano Oldonyo Lengai, large lakes like Tanganyika and Victoria, the Rift Valley, and Indian Ocean beaches.
2. World’s largest game sanctuaries: Serengeti, Ngorongoro ecosystem, and Selous Game Reserve.
3. National parks covering about 25% of land area, including Serengeti, Lake Manyara, Tarangire, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Mikumi, Ruaha, Katavi, Gombe, Mahale, Rubondo Island, Udzungwa, and Saadani.
4. Prehistoric sites like Olduvai Gorge with museums.
5. Archaeological sites like Isimila with stone tools and faunal remains.
6. Shifting sands across Ngorongoro plains.
7. Coastal attractions like mangrove plants, coral reefs, beaches, islands like Mafia, and swimming areas.
8. Conducive mountain and coastal climates.
9. National language Kiswahili facilitating communication.
10. Traditional crafts like Makonde carvings, Kondoa Irangi paintings, and Maasai dressing.
11. Improved accommodation facilities.
12. Peaceful political atmosphere.
13. Improved transport and communication.

National Reserves and Game Reserves in Tanzania

Tourist zones are categorized into frequently visited and less frequently visited areas.

Frequently visited areas include:

1. The Northern Circuit: Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Lake Manyara, Arusha, and Momela National Parks, served by Kilimanjaro International Airport.
2. The Southern to Eastern Circuit: Coastal beaches, Zanzibar, Mikumi National Park, served by Dar es Salaam International Airport and major roads.
3. Western zone: Lake Rukwa, Tanganyika, Katavi National Park, Gombe, etc.
4. Lake zone: Lake Victoria, Rubondo National Park, etc.

Advantages of Tourism in Tanzania and Kenya

1. Creation of employment opportunities.
2. Generation of government revenue.
3. Promotion of living standards.
4. Facilitation of science and technology development.
5. Improvement of hotel and lodge standards.
6. International recognition.
7. Expansion of markets for local products.
8. Promotion of environmental conservation awareness.
9. Strengthening international relations.

The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism aims to involve all stakeholders in wildlife conservation, sustainable utilization, and equitable benefit sharing.

1. Promote local community participation in wildlife conservation inside and outside protected areas.
2. Integrate wildlife conservation with rural development by creating Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) managed by rural communities.

The policy outlines strategies for benefit sharing and cooperation with local communities.

Policy for National Parks in Tanzania

1. Ensure optimum revenue and benefits to the national economy, parks, and communities without impairing park resources.
2. Facilitate coordination and shared benefits with local communities.
3. Provide public information and education services to target groups, including local communities.
4. Law enforcement staff should cooperate with local communities to combat illegal activities.
5. Visitors must follow rules such as no smoking, no feeding animals, proper litter disposal, no hunting without permission, staying in vehicles near animals, camping only in authorized sites, and maintaining biodiversity.
6. All visitors must be accompanied by licensed or official guides.

Limitations of Tourist Development in East Africa

1. Low capital availability, especially in Tanzania.
2. Poor transport and communication networks, with impassable roads in wet seasons.
3. Seasonal nature of tourism in East Africa.
4. Population encroachment on tourist potentials due to high growth rates.
5. Poor managerial skills in tourist center management.
6. Political instability and terrorism affecting tourism.
7. Low advertisement due to lack of capital and technology.
8. Poor quality of services compared to other countries.
9. Poorly organized hunting affecting tourism.

The Loliondo Case in Tanzania

Loliondo Game Controlled Area has been used for hunting by companies with exclusive rights, but local communities have not benefited, leading to complaints. Hunting has decreased animal numbers, making the area less attractive to tourists. Villagers were not informed about contracts, limiting their participation in conservation. Hunting should be stopped to conserve animals and attract tourists.

Improving Tourism in East Africa

1. Rehabilitate and upgrade lodges and hotels.
2. Increase advertising of the tourism industry.
3. Provide comprehensive training for tourism workers.
4. Open new tourist areas, including coastal and lake regions.
5. Launch campaigns to educate local people on conservation importance.
6. Encourage private tour operators with government support.
7. Control population to prevent encroachment on conservation areas.
8. Establish anti-poaching units.
9. Maintain peace and harmony through regional cooperation.

Prospects of Tourism in East Africa

Tourism has a promising future due to:

1. Revival of the African Community promoting tourism.
2. Opening of new tourist areas.
3. Rehabilitation and construction of hotels and lodges.
4. Strong advertising campaigns.
5. Presence of many natural and man-made attractions.
6. Attractive climate for visitors from cold regions.
7. Government efforts to reduce unemployment through tourism.
8. Environmental conservation programs.
9. Improved transport and communication infrastructure.
10. Increased involvement of local people and private sector.

Tourism in Namibia

Namibia is a newly independent country with a rapidly growing tourism sector, contributing significantly to GDP. Visitor numbers have increased steadily, with a target growth of 10-12% per year.

Factors Contributing to Tourism Growth in Namibia

1. Strong policies promoting culture-based and eco-tourism.
2. Well-developed infrastructure facilitating accessibility.
3. Government and private sector advertising and promotion.
4. Attractions including climate, wildlife, grand canyons, deserts, rivers, cultural crafts, and geological features.
5. Regional cooperation through organizations like RETOSA.
6. Stock exchange attracting foreign investment.
7. Private sector investment in infrastructure.
8. Support from European countries.
9. Favorable investment climate and government commitment.

Tourist Resorts in Namibia

1. Cape Cross Seal Reserve with large colonies of fur seals.
2. Caprivi Game Park between Angola and Botswana.
3. Doan Viljoen Park, a retreat for Windhoek residents.
4. Etosha National Park, a shallow depression with diverse game.
5. Fish River Canyon with hot springs.
6. Gross Barmen Hot Springs Resort.
7. Hardap Recreation Resort and Game Reserve.
8. Khaudum Game Park with diverse species.
9. Mahango Game Reserve with riverine forest and elephants.
10. Mamili, Mudumu, and Namib-Naukluft National Parks.
11. Sandwich Harbor, Skeleton Coast Park, and Von Bach Dam Recreation Resorts.

Tourism in Switzerland

Switzerland is renowned for tourism, known as the “playground of the world” with year-round tourism and various games and sports.

Factors Influencing Swiss Tourism Development

Physical Factors

1. Ideal climate for winter and summer activities.
2. Beautiful scenery including the Alps, U-shaped valleys, pyramidal peaks, snow cover, and lakes like Lake Geneva.
3. Central location in Europe with high accessibility.

Human Factors

1. Improved transport system with electrified railways and low costs.
2. Availability of hydroelectric power from rivers and waterfalls.
3. Good hotel management.
4. Capital investment from foreign trade.
5. Availability of skilled labor.
6. Hospitality of the Swiss people.
7. Policy of neutrality ensuring peace.
8. International institutions like banks and conference centers.

Importance of Tourism in Switzerland

1. Major employer, especially during peak seasons.
2. Contributes significantly to foreign currency earnings.
3. Stimulates science and technology development.
4. Challenges include steep mountain slopes limiting diversification and environmental pollution.

Tourist Areas in Switzerland

Summer centers include Swiss plateau towns like Lausanne, Geneva, Bern, Zurich, and lakeshores like Lucerne and Ticino. Winter areas include alpine resorts such as St. Moritz, Mürren, Grindelwald, Kandersteg, Gstaad, and Lauterbrunnen.

Tourism in the USA

The USA has an advanced tourism industry supported by government policies, capital availability, transport and communication networks, and diverse attractions.

Factors Leading to USA Tourism Development

1. Strong government support with favorable investment policies.
2. Advanced economy providing capital.
3. Well-established transport and communication networks.
4. Many tourist attractions including national parks, volcanic features, lakes, and cities.
5. Political stability and defense.
6. Variable climate offering diverse experiences.
7. Good social services in lodges, restaurants, and hotels.

Tourist Attractions in the USA

1. Lakes for swimming and fishing like Great Salt Lake and Crater Lake.
2. Desert gorges like the Grand Canyon.
3. National parks with diverse animals like Yosemite, Yellowstone, Redwood, and Zion.
4. Volcanic features like Old Faithful geyser and hot springs.
5. Sports centers for swimming, skiing, fishing, and surfing.
6. Monuments like Dinosaur National Monument.
7. Strong economy and cultural attractions.
8. Famous cities like San Francisco and Los Angeles.
9. Attractive beaches in Florida.
10. Good roads and air transport facilities.

Case Studies in the USA

Tourism in California

Developed due to desert climate, forests, outdoor sports, beautiful cities, movie industries, beaches, good roads, hotels, museums, and national parks like Yosemite.

Everglades National Park

A swamp with unique plant and animal communities including alligators and manatees. Established in 1947, facing challenges like drought, pollution, fires, and conflicts with local industries.

Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming)

The world’s first national park, established in 1872, rich in geysers, hot springs, canyons, lava flows, and wildlife. Faces problems like congestion, pollution, vegetation depletion, and rising local house prices.

Problems Facing Tourism in the USA

1. Water supply issues affecting arid areas.
2. Terrorism, especially after 9/11 attacks.
3. Population pressure causing land degradation.
4. Frequent fires affecting national parks.
5. Competition from other countries.
6. Animal attacks on visitors.
7. Shy animals making photography difficult.
8. Noise pollution disturbing wildlife.
9. Water pollution in lakes and rivers.
10. Air pollution causing smog and acid rain.

Solutions to USA Tourism Problems

1. Limit the number of cars in parks and establish shuttle bus systems.
2. Limit the number of visitors.
3. Strict smoking restrictions to prevent fires.
4. Improve communication systems for park visits.

Tourism in Mauritius

Mauritius is an island in the Indian Ocean with a growing tourism industry, known as a beach holiday destination with volcanic uplands and fertile soils.

Trend of Tourism

Since 1984, tourism has increased steadily with European tourists accounting for 60%. Visitor numbers and foreign exchange earnings have grown, with improved accommodation and services.

Factors Stimulating Tourism Development in Mauritius

1. Attractive warm climate for Europeans.
2. Heavy investment from local and foreign investors.
3. Rapid growth of transport and communication systems.
4. Government involvement and policy formulation.
5. Presence of attractions like beaches, parks, trading centers, harbors, sports centers, museums, volcanic features, and colonial architecture.
6. Strong advertising and promotion.
7. Political stability and defense.
8. Strong international relationships and financial assistance.
9. Good banking and financial institutions.
10. Accessibility due to location.
11. Focus on quality tourism.
12. Power availability from hydroelectric and biogas sources.

Tourist Resorts in Mauritius

1. Trout aux Biches – renowned for safe bathing, fine sand, water sports, and diving.
2. Mont Choisy – longest and popular public beach with villas and apartments.
3. Pointe aux Canonniers – near Club Med with restaurants and entertainment.
4. Grand Bay & Pereybere – hub of tourist activities with restaurants, shops, and accommodations.
5. Calodyne/Grand Gaube – quiet fishing village with hotels and bungalows.
6. Poste Lafayette/Roches Noires – peaceful resorts with comfortable accommodations.
7. Trou d’Eau Douce – near Ile aux Cerfs, a popular excursion destination.
8. Point d’Esny/Blue Bay – quiet resort with comfortable accommodations near the airport.
9. Souillac – rugged coastline with modern bungalows.
10. Le Morne – famous hotels along a beautiful coast.
11. Riviere Noire/Tamarin – surfing and fishing clubs with bungalows and hotels.
12. Flic en Flac – popular seaside village with beaches and diving spots.
13. Luxury beach houses – private villas rarely rented out.

Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius

Positive Impacts

1. Employment for over 11,000 people.
2. Development of transport and communication systems.
3. Increase in individual and national income through foreign currency.
4. Promotion of educational, medical, and power supply services.
5. Environmental awareness and conservation efforts.
6. International reputation as an exotic beach destination.
7. Diversification of the economy beyond sugarcane production.

Negative Impacts

Socially

1. Destruction of local culture due to tourist influence.
2. Exploitation of employees with low wages.
3. Introduction of new and abusive language.
4. Spread of diseases like HIV/AIDS.

Environmentally

1. Water and beach pollution from garbage and sewage.
2. Damage to coral reefs from pollution and collection for ornaments.
3. Coastal deforestation due to construction.

Economically

1. Decline in agriculture as people seek tourism jobs.
2. Debt crisis from loans for tourism development.

Problems Facing Tourism in Mauritius

1. Hotel services below standard due to untrained personnel.
2. High expenses and government insistence on low hotel prices.
3. Environmental degradation and volcanic feature damage.
4. Overcrowding due to low costs.
5. Emergence of informal accommodations with poor standards.
6. Tensions with France over Tromelin Island affecting tourism.

Tourism in South Africa

Tourism is an important and expanding economic sector in South Africa with increasing visitor numbers and government plans to make it competitive globally.

Factors Leading to Tourism Development in South Africa

1. Variety of attractions.
2. Museums displaying diverse art and history.
3. Libraries and university collections.
4. Good hotels and restaurants with internet facilities.
5. Musical theaters presenting contemporary dances.
6. Sports centers for various activities.
7. Parks and game reserves including Pilanesberg, Kwazulu Natal, and Kruger National Park.
8. Attractive relief features like Drakensberg and beaches.
9. Historical sites like Taung Heritage and Zulu battlefields.
10. Attractive towns with museums, restaurants, and cultural villages.
11. Knowledgeable and friendly local guides.
12. Diverse activities like fishing, mining, agriculture, and hunting.
13. Malaria-free environments in some areas.
14. Local community involvement in wildlife conservation.
15. End of sanctions opening wider markets.
16. Good coordination under South Africa Tourism Board promoting sustainable tourism.
17. Strong government involvement and promotion.
18. Extensive advertising and participation in travel shows.
19. Good health and medical services.
20. Advanced transport and communication networks.
21. Favorable currency exchange rates attracting tourists.

Contribution of Tourism to South Africa

1. Employment creation with increasing numbers.
2. Increasing government revenue.
3. Expansion of markets for local commodities.
4. Promotion of environmental awareness.
5. Improvement of transport and communication.
6. Advancement in science and technology.
7. Promotion of culture and traditional practices.

Limiting Factors Facing Tourism in South Africa

1. Health issues like Bilharzia and Malaria.
2. Crime, political unrest, and safety concerns.
3. Terrorism fears affecting air travel.
4. Water supply shortages and pollution.
5. Air pollution from coal-fired power stations.
6. Poor accessibility in western regions.
7. Power supply problems.
8. HIV/AIDS threat.
9. High costs of environmental education.
10. Narrow coastal strip limiting resort development.
11. Overpopulation causing environmental degradation.

Lessons from South African Tourism

1. Involve local people for smooth program implementation and conservation.
2. Clear policies encouraging diverse investors and prioritizing locals.
3. Strong and extensive advertising.
4. Well-trained, experienced, and multilingual personnel.
5. Tourism as a solution to unemployment and economic diversification.

Despite East Africa’s rich tourist potential, it is less developed compared to countries like Switzerland due to factors such as population encroachment, lack of capital, poor management, political instability, low advertisement, and terrorism.

Guiding Questions

1. Outline factors encouraging tourism development in any country.
2. Give three reasons for the recent growth of tourism.
3. What is the importance of tourism in any country?
4. Show the negative effects of tourism in Tanzania.
5. Identify factors leading to tourism development in Switzerland.
6. Mention three winter and two summer tourist centers in Switzerland.
7. Show the importance of eco-tourism to local communities in Tanzania.
8. Why should local people be involved in tourism activities? Give four reasons.
9. Outline problems facing tourism in East Africa.
10. Identify negative effects of population growth on tourism.
11. How does tourism differ from other industries?
12. How can Tanzania improve its tourism industry? (At least six points)
13. Why is tourism in Tanzania promising? (Give three reasons)
14. Why is tourism in the USA advanced? (Give six reasons)
15. Outline five problems facing tourism in the USA.
16. Show six rules and regulations (guidelines) for tourism.
17. Draw a map of Tanzania showing game reserves and national parks.
18. Mention tourist attractions (honey pots) in the USA.
19. How can conflicts in national parks be solved?

Solutions to conflicts in national parks:

1. Demarcate conservation and residential areas.
2. Involve local people in conservation and make them responsible.
3. Approach local people as equal partners.
4. Share benefits from national parks with local communities.
5. Establish new routes and fence national parks if possible.
6. Provide comprehensive training to local people to appreciate conservation potentials.
7. Clearly state policies governing tourist activities.