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SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS CLASS: SSS3
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1. REVISION
2. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Binomial Probability Distribution
Poisson Probability Distribution
3. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (CONTINUATION)
Normal Distribution
Properties and Area
z – Scores Application.
4. STATICS
Definition of Concepts
Resultant of Two Forces
Components Resolution of Forces
5. STATICS – CONTINUATION
Definition of Equilibrium and Condition of Equilibrium of Rigid Body
Application of the Condition to Solve Problems
Lami’sTheorem and Application
6. REVIEW OF WEEK 1 – 5
7. STATICS – CONTINUATION.
Definition of Moment of a Force
Principles of Moments
Application of the Principle in Solving Problems
8. FRICTION.
Basic Concept
Coefficient of Friction
Forces Actingon a body.
REFERENCE TEXTBOOK
FURTHER MATHEMATICS PROJECT 3
WEEK TWO
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
- BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
- POISSON PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTON
Probability distribution deals with theoretical probability model based on the randomness of certain natural occurrences. The binomial and Poisson distribution are discrete distribution
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
This arises from a repeated random experiment which has two possible outcomes.
The two possible outcomes of the random experiment are usually called success and failure.
Prob( success) = P, Prob(failure) = q
Since the two events are complementary, hence p+ q = 1 or p = 1-q, q = 1 – p
The probability of success or failure of an event is the same for each trials and does not influence the probability of success or failure of another trial of the same event.
:. Binomial distribution of n trails and r required outcome(s) is defined as :
pr(x = r) = nCrPrqn-r
whennCr = n!
(n-r)! r!.
The binomial distribution is suitable when the number of trials is not too large.
Example:
1. Find the probability that when two fair coins are tossed 5 times a head and a tail appear three times.
Solution:
Two fair coins = (HT, TH, TT, HH) = 4
Prob (a head and a tail) = 2/4 = ½
i.e p = ½ , q = ½ (p + q = 1)
n = 5, r = 3.
:. P(x = r) =nCrprqn-r
p ( x = 3) = 5C3 ( ½ ) 3 ( ½ ) 5-3
p (x = 3) = 10 x 1/8 x ¼ = 10/32 = 5/16
p (x = 3) = 0.3125.
2. It is known that 2 out of every 5 cigarettes smokers is a village have cancer of the lungs. Find the probability that out of a random sample of 8 smokers from the village, 5 will have cancer of the lungs.
Solution
Prob( a smoker has cancer) = 2/5i.e p = 2/5
Prob( a smoker doesn’t have cancer) = 1 – 2/5 = 3/5
:. q = 3/5
n = 8, r = 5
Prob(x = -5) =8C5 (2/5)5 (3/5)3
= 56 x 32 x 27 = 48384
3125 125 390625
Prob (x = 5) = 0.124.
EVALUATION
Find the probability that when a fair six-faced die is tossed six times, a prime number appears exactly four times.
POISSON DISTRIBUTION: The Poisson distribution is more suitable when the number of trials is very large and probability of successes is small. It is defined as:
Pr(x) = λx e– λ , x = 0, 1, 2, 3,
x!
Where λ = np e = 2.718
P = probability of success, n = number of trials.
Example:
If 8% of articles in a large consignment are defective, what is the chance that 30 articles selected at random will contain fewer than 3 defective articles?
Solution
P = 8/100 = 0.08, n = 30
:. λ = np = 0.08 x 30 = 2.4.
Prob( fewer than 3) i.eprob( (0) + prob (1) + prob (2)
Prob (x = 0) =2.4o x e-2.4 = 1 x e-2.4
0!
Prob(x = 1) = 2.4o x e-2.4 = 2.4 x e-2.4
1!
Prob(x = 2) =2.4o x e-2.4 = 2.88 x e -2.4
2!
Prob(x <3) = e -2.4 + 2.4 x e-2.4 + 2.88 x e-2.4
= e-2.4 (1 + 2.4 + 2.88)
= e-2.4 x 6.28.
EVALUATION
The probability that a person gets a reaction from a new drug on the market is 0.001. If 200 people are treated with this drug. Find approximately, the probability that:
- exactly three persons will get a reaction
- more than two person will get a reaction
Properties of Binomial and Poisson Distribution.
Binomial
It assigns probability to non-occurrence of events i.eProb( x = 0)
Mean µ = np
Standard deviation, r = √npq
Variance ð2 = npq
Poisson
It assigns probability to non-occurrence of events i.eProb(x = 0)
Mean µ = λ = np
Standard deviation, ð = √λ = √np
Variance, ð2 = λ = np
Example:
1. In the probability of tossing a fair coin three times, a head shows up twice. Find the mean and standard deviation.
Solution
n = 3 Prob(a head) = ½ , i.e p = ½ , q = ½
I. Mean µ = np = 3 x ½ = 3/2
II. Standard deviation :r = √npq = 3 x ½ x ½ = ¾
Example
2. 0.2% of the cooks produced by a machine were found to be defective. If there are 1000 corks, find the mean and standard deviation?
Solution
P = 0.2% = 0.002.
N = 1000
I. mean µ = λ = np = 1000 x 0.002 = 2
II. r = √np = √2
EVALUATION
In an examination, 60% of the candidates pass. If 10 candidates were sampled. Find the mean, standard deviation and variance of the candidates.
GENERAL EVALUATION
- The probability that a person gets a reaction from a new drug in the market is 0.001. If 2000 people were treated with this drug, find the mean and standard deviation.
- 1. In an examination, 60% of the candidates passed. Use the binomial distribution to calculate the probabilities that a random sample of 10 candidates contain exactly 2 failures.
READING ASIGNMENT
Read probability distribution, further math. Project 3 from page 198-201.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. What is the variance of a binomial distribution?
(a) np (b) √npq ( c ) npq (d) p2
2. The mean (µ) of a poisson distribution is the same as
(a) Standard deviation (b) variance (c) mean (d) mean deviation
3. If number of trials is 100 and probability of success is 0.0001, what is the variance of this distribution?
(a) 0.00999 (b) 0.1 (c ) 0.01 (d) 0.001
4. If the birth of a male child and that of a female child are equiprobable. Find the probability that in a family of five children exactly 3 will be male. (a) 16/5 (b) 5/16 (c) 5/32 (d) 5/21
5. If an unbiased die is thrown repeatedly, what are the chances that the first, six to be thrown will be the third throw? (a) 25/216 (b) 1/6 (c) 25/36 (d)25/31
THEORY
1. 20% of the total production of transistors produced by a machine are below standard. If a random sample of 6 transistors produced by the machine is taken, what is the probability of getting
(i) exactly 2 (ii) exactly 1 (iii) at least 2 (iv) at most 2 standard transistors?
2. A fair die is thrown five times. Calculate correct to 3 decimal places, the probability of obtaining
(a) at most two sixes (b) exactly three sixes
WEEK THREE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (CONTINUATION)
- Normal distribution
- properties and area
- z – scores application.
Normal Distribution: This is a continuous distribution and it takes the form
P(x) = 1 e-½ (x – u)2
ð√2xð
where∂ is the standard deviation. U is the mean and e = 2.718.
The graphical representation of a normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve.
P(x)
u
PROPERTIES OF THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
- It depends on the mean (u) and standard deviation
- The shape is bell-shaped
- The function is continuous, hence the range is from –ά to + ά
- The curve is symmetrical about the vertical line through the mean.
A normal distribution function is a probability function, hence the total area under the curve is 1 .
The normal distribution has a complicated equation, but it can be shown in shaded area under the shape
- Values within 1 sd of the mean
Pr (μ – r x µ-ðµ µ+ð 2. Values within 2 sd of the mean Pr(μ-2r µ– 2r µ µ+2r 3. Values within 3sd of the mean. Pr(μ-3r u– 2r µ µ+2r Example: A random variable X is normally distributed with mean 65 and standard deviation 5, find: Solution: µ = 65, r = 5 1. Pr (60 ≤ x ≤ 70) = Pr (µ – r ≤ x ≤ µ + r) = Pr (65-5≤x ≤ 65+5) = Pr (60 ≤ x ≤ 70) = 0.68 II. Pr (55 ≤ x ≤ 75) = Pr (µ -2r ≤ x ≤ µ + 2r) = 0.95 III. Pr (50 ≤ x ≤ 80) = Pr (µ -35 ≤ x ≤ µ +3 r) = 0.997 EVALUATION 1. A random variable x is normally distributed with mean 45 and standard deviation 12. Find: I Pr (9 < x <81) II. Pr(33 < x < 57) AREA UNDER NORMAL CURVE The area under a normal curve can be defined by checking the probability value in the Normal distribution probabilities table. Example: Solution: Pr( 0 < z < 2.13) check the value against 2.13. Pr( 0 < z < 2.13) = 0.4834 0 2.13 2. Find the area z = -1.3 and z = 1.2 Solution Pr (-1.3 < z<1.2) = Pr (0 < z<1.2) +Pr (0 < z<1.3) = 0. 3849 + 0.4032. = 0.7881. 3. Find the area between Z = 0.36 and Z = 1.89 Solution Pr (0.36 < z<1.89) =Pr (0 < z<1.2) - Pr (0 < z<0.36) = 0.4706 – 0.1406 = 0.33. EVALUATION Using the standard deviation normal distribution table. Find the area under 1. Pr (-1.5 < z< 2.0) 2.Pr(z <1.5) 3.Pr (z >2.6) Z Scores The area under a normal distribution curve between two values depends on the number of standard deviations from the mean. Therefore, the standardize normal curve is obtained from the normal curve by the substitution. Z = X – µ σ :. Z is called the standardized score or Z score at mean zero (o) and standard deviation 1. Example: A random variable whose distribution is normal has mean 25 and standard deviation 5. Find I. Pr (22 < z< 27) II.Pr (x <20) III.Pr (x > 26.5) Solution µ= 25, = 5 I. Pr(22 < x < 27) = Pr ( x1-µ σσ =Pr(z1< z< z2) Z1= 22 – 25 = -3= – 0.6 5 5 Z2 = 27-25 = 2/5 = 0.4 5 Pr (-1.3 < z<1.2) = Pr (-0.6 < z<0.4) = Pr (z <0.4) + Pr (z<0.6) = 0.1554 + 0.2258 = 0.3812 II. Pr(x <20) = Pr (z< 20-25) 5 =Pr (z<-1) = Pr (-1 < z<0) =Pr (z< 0) – Pr (z<1) = 0.5 – 0.3413. :. Pr(x <20) = 0.1587 III. Pr(x > 26.5) = = Pr (z>26.5 – 25) 5 = Pr (z > 0.3) = Pr (0.3 < z < ∞) =Pr (z < ∞) – Pr (z < 0.3) = 0.5 – 0.1179 = 0.3821. EVALUATION The weights of packets of sugar produced by a machine have a mean of 1kg and a standard deviation of 0.1kg. What is the probability that in a random sample of 50 packets the combined weight will exceed 52kg? GENERAL EVALUATION READING ASIGNMENT Read Z scores and Normal distribution. Further Mathematics Project III Page 2 202-210. WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT 1. Find the area between z = 0.36 and z= 1.89 (a) 0.33 (b) 0.6112 (c) 1.00 Use the information below to answer questions 2-4. A distribution with mean 85 and standard deviation 10 is normally distributed. If x is a random variable of the distribution, find 2. Pr (80 < x <8.9) (a) 0.9332 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.3469 3. Pr(x >83) (a) 0.1587 (b) 0.789 (c) 0.4207 4. Pr(x > 87) (a) 0.0047 (b) 0.35 (c) 0.4207 5. Find, with the usual notations, P (z <1.810) from the table of normal distribution. (a) 0.311 (b) 0.0288 (c) 0.9649 THEORY WEEK FOUR STATICS DEFINITION OF CONCEPT Statics is the study of bodies which remain at rest under the action of given forces. Mass: This is the quantity of matter contain in a body. Mass of a particular body does not change and the standard unit is kilogram. Force: Force is that action which tends to change the state of rest or uniform motion of a body in a straight line. It’s a vector quantity sine it has magnitude and direction. The unit of force is Newton. :. F = Ma Where M = Mass, a = acceleration. Composition of Forces: Two or more concurrent forces can be combined to obtain a single force. Therefore, resultant force is the force produced or obtained when two or more concurrent forces are combined. A force can be resolve by I Graphical Method II. Analytical Method. Analytical Method: The parallelogram law of composition of two forces is used to find the resultant force of two or more forces. Hence, parallelogram law states that if two forces acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the resultants of the two forces, is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram, drawn from the point of action of the two forces. A C B D R is the resultant force and can be obtained using cosine rule: R2 = P2 + Q2 – 2PQcos(180 –θ) The angle of inclination is ά and can be obtained using sine rule or tan. :. Tan ά = CD OD Tan ά = P Sin θ Q + P Cos θ Example 1: The angle between two forces of magnitude 8N and 5N is 1200. Find in N, the magnitude of their resultant. Solution P R 5N R Q 8N S Let R be the resultant vectorial force. R2 = P2 + Q2 – 2PQ Cos R. = 52 + 82 – 2 (5 x 8) Cos 60o = 25 + 64 – 80 x ½ = 89 – 40 R2 = 49 :. R = √49 R = 7N 2. Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the angle between two forces 20N and 30N if their resultant is 40N. R2 = P2 + Q2 – 2PQ Cos (180 – θ) 402 = 202 + 302 – 2 (20 x 30) Cos (180 – θ) 1600 = 400 + 900 – 1200 cos(180 – θ) 1600-1300 = 1200Cos (180 –θ) 300 = -1200 Cos (180 – θ) -1200 -1/4 = Cos (180 – R) – 180 –θ = Cos -1(-1/4) 180 – θ = 104. 5 180 – 104.5 = θ θ = 75.5 :. The angle between them is 75.5o EVALUATION The angle between two forces of magnitude 8N and 11N is 35o. Find the magnitude and inclination to the 11N force of resultant force. RESOLUTION OF FORCES A given force can be resolved into two parts and each part is called the resolute. A given force can be resolve in two directions which are perpendicular to each other. The component along the y axis is called the vertical component and the component along the x- axis is the horizontal component. y pyPy θ PxPx Let Px the horizontal component Let py the vertical component. If p is inclined to the upward vertical Px Sin θ = pxCos θ = py PP Px = P sin θ. Py = P cos Ө. Py P1 P4 py px -px px P3 Py P2 Force Horizontal Component Vertical Component P1 P1 Sin θ P1 Cos θ P2 P2cos θ -P2 Sinθ P3 -P3 cos θ – P3 Sin θ P4 – P4 cos θ P4 sin θ Resultant of several concurrent forces :the resultant is obtained as : R = √(∑Px)2 + (∑Py)2 Where ∑Px = Sum of horizontal components ∑Py = Sum of vertical components Tan θ =Py Px Θ = tan -1 ∑Py ∑Px Angle of inclination to the resultant. Example: 1.The horizontal component of a force p which makes an angle of 50o with the horizontal is 30N. Find the force P. Solution 30 = P x 0.6 + 28 P = 30/0.6428 P = 46.67N 2.Three forces (2N, 0600), ( 4.5N, 1800) and (5N, 3000) act on a body of mass 2kg which is initially at rest. Find I the resultant force on the body II the acceleration with which the body begins to move. Solution Let P1 = (2N.0600). P2 = (4.5N, 1800) P3 = (5N, 3000) 5N 2N 4.5N Horizontal Component Vertical Components P1 = 2 Sin 600 = 1.7321 P1 = 2 Cos 600 = 1 P2 = 4.5 Cos 900 = O P2 = -4.5 Sin 900 = -4.5 P3 = 5Cos 300 = -4.33 P3 = 5 Sin 300 = 2.5 ∑px = 1.732 + 0 – 4.33 ∑py = 1 – 4.5 + 2.5 = – 2.598 ∑py = -1 (∑Px)2 = 6.7496 (∑py)2 = 1 :. R =√ (∑Px )2+ (∑Py)2= √6.7496 + 1 = √7.7496 R = 2.78N M = 2kg F = Resultant force = 2.78 F = ma a = 2.78/2 a = 1.39ms-2 EVALUATION The vertical component of a force F which makes an angle of 350 with the horizontal is 45N. Find the force F. GENERAL EVALUATION a. the magnitude correct to the nearest whole number b. the direction correct to the nearest degree. READING ASIGNMENT Read Composition and Resolution of Coplanar forces on pages 154 to 165 of further mathematics project III. WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT 1. Two forces each of magnitude PN are inclined to each other at an angle of 1200. Find the magnitude of their resultant. (a) P√3 N (b) P2N ( c) PN 2. Find the angle between the two forces 5N and 6N if their resultant is 8N. (a) 600 (b) 1200 (c) 1800 3. A force P of magnitude 60N makes an angle of 400 with the horizontal. Use the information to answer questions 3 and 4 3. Find the horizontal component of P (a) 20N (b) 45.96N (c ) 38.57N 4. Find the vertical component of P (a) 45.96N (b) 38.57 (d) 20N. 5. Find the resultant of forces 8N and 10N inclined at an angle 1200 to each other. (a) 2√61N (b) 61√2N C 39N THEORY 6N 8N 10N WEEK FIVE STATICS – CONTINUATION Definition of equilibrium Condition of equilibrium of rigid body Application of the condition to solve problems Lami’s theorem and application Definitions Equilibrium is when a body remains at rest under the action of given forces. Translational Equilibrium: The state of equilibrium of bodies which remain at rest under the action of forces have tendency to cause translation. Condition of Equilibrium When a block is placed on a table as shown below and force F1 and F2 are applied to the block. The block remains in translational equilibrium if the magnitude of F1 and F2 are equal. Since F1 and F2 are acting in opposite direction, but have equal magnitudes. Then, F1 = -F2 F1 + F2 = 0 Also, the upward force N balances the downward force mg on the block. :. N = -mg, N + mg = 0 Hence, the sum of the vertical components and horizontal components of forces acting on a body in translational equilibrium is equal to zero. Example 1. A particle of mass 5kg is supported by two light inelastic strings inclined at angles 300 and 450 respectively to the horizontal. If the system is in equilibrium, calculate the tension in each string. Solution: Let the two inelastic strings to be DP and OQ Resolve each string vertically and horizontally: Horizontal : Efx = T1Cos 300 + T2cos 450 + 0 Vertical : Efy = T1 Sin 300 + T2 sin 450 – 50 :. Efx = 0.7061T2 – 0.866T1 = 0 equation I Efy = 0.7071T2 + 0.5T1 = 50 equation II Solving equation I and II simultaneously: T1 = -50/-1.366 T1 = 36.6N Substitute T1 in equation I or II using equation 1, 0.7071T1 – 0.866T1 = 0. 0.7071T2 = 0.866 x 36.6 T2 = 31.6956 0.7071 T2 = 44.82N :. The tensions in the strings are T1 = 36.6N, T2 = 44.82N 2. A particle of mass 5kg is suspended by a light in extensive string which makes an angle of 300 with the downward vertical and horizontal forced F. If the system is in equilibrium, calculate Solution I using Sin θ = AB OA Sin 600 = 5 x 10 T T = 50/sin 600, T = 57.74N. The tension in the string is 57.74 N II. Magnitude of F1 Tan 300 = OB AB 50 x Tan 300 = F :. F = 28.87N EVALUATION 1.A street lamp of mass 10kg is suspended at a position ) by two wires OP and OQ across a rood such that each wire is inclined at an angle of 800 to the upward vertical, If the system is in equilibrium, calculate the tension in one of the two wires. (Take g = 10ms-2) TRIANGLE OF FORCES If three coplanar forces act on a body in such a way that the system is in equilibrium, then the forces can be represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a triangle taken in order The triangle representing the three coplanar forces is called a triangle of forces. Example: 1.A body of mass 6.5kg is supported by two strings, One of the stings is inclined at an angle of 300 and the other 400 to the horizontal . Find the tension in each strings, if the system is in equilibrium (take g = 10ms-2) Solution Using Sine rule; T1 = 65 Sin 50o Sin 70o T1 = 65 x sin 50o Sin 50o Sin 70 T1 = 65 x 0.766 0.9397 T1 = 52.98N Similarly: T2 = W Sin 600 Sin 700 T2, = 65 x sin 600 = 65 x 0.8660 Sin 700 0.9397 T2 = 59.9N EVALUATION A body of mass s10kg is suspended by means of two light inextensible strings. AP and BP which are inclined at angles 600 and 300 respectively to the downward vertical. If T1 and T2 are the magnitude of the tension AP and BP respectively, calculate the values of T1 and T2. LAMI’S THEOREM This theorem states that if three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the liens of action of the other two forces. Consider the forces F1, F2 and F3 below By Lami’s theorem: F1 α Sin BF2 α sin γF3 α sin θ Since the forces are proportional to the sine of the angle: then F1 = F2 = F3 Sin Bsinγ sin θ Example: Solution s Le the tension in the strings be T1nd T2 and x, B be the angles made with the horizontal. AB2 = OA2 + OB2 = 52 +122 = 25 + 144 =169 but AB = 13 AB2 = 132 = 169 :. OA2 + OB2 = AB2 hence AOB is a right angle triangle :. Sin B = 5/13, sin x = 12/13 B = sin -1 0.3845 Ө = sin-1 12/13 B = 22.60 = 0.9231 = 67.40 Using Lami’s theorem: T1 = W Sin 157.4 sin 900 T1 = 91 x sin 157.40 = 91 x 0.3843 Sin 900 1 T1 = 34.97N T2 = W Sin 112.6 sin 900 T2 = 91 x sin 112.6 Sin 900 T2 = 91 x 0.9232 1 T2 = 84.01N. EVALUATION A particle of mass 10kg is connected by two strings of length 3m and 4m to two points on the same horizontal level and 5m apart, find the tension in the strings. GENERAL EVALUATION READING ASIGNMENT Read Equilibrium “pages” 170-177 of Further Mathematics Project III. WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT Two forces (8N, 0300) and (10N, 1200) act on a body; find the magnitude of the force that would be applied to keep the system in equilibrium. WEEK SIX REVIEW OF FIRST HALF LESSONS WEEK TWO In a community, 10% of the people tested positive to the HIV virus. If 6 persons from the community are selected at random, one after the other with replacement, calculate correct to four decimal places, the probability that (i) exactly 5 (ii) none (iii) at most 2, tested positive to the virus. WEEK THREE The mean score of 200 students in an examination is 40 and the standard deviation is 8. if the scores are assumed to be normally distributed, find the : WEEK FOUR Coplanar forces 4N, 8N, 6N, 4N and 5N act at a point as shown in the diagram . If the 6Nforce act in the direction 0900 calculate the: (a) Magnitude of the resultant force (b) Direction of the resultant force WEEK FIVE A uniform plank PQ of length 8m and mass 10kg is supported horizontally at the end P and at point R. 3 metres from Q. A boy of mass 20kg walks along the plank starting from P. If the plank is in equilibrium, calculate the a. reaction at P and R when he has walked 1.5 metres b. distance he had walked when the two reactions are equal. (take g = 10ms-2) WEEK FIVE STATICS – CONTINUATION Definition of Moment of a Force Principles of Moments Application of the Principle in Solving Problems Definition Moments of a Force: The moment of a force about a reference point is defined as the product of the force and the force arm. Moment of a force is a vector quantity and its units is Nm. The direction of movement or sense of movement about the point is duly considered. The object can move in clockwise moment and ant-clockwise moments about the given point. Suppose we have an object acted upon by two forces, F1 and F2 in the opposite direction, then M1 = F1 x di M2= F2 x d2 Where M1 = Magnitude of F1 M2 = Magnitude of F2 d1 = Force arm of d1 d2 = Force arm of d2 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS 1. When a system of coplanar forces is in equilibrium, then the sum of the clockwise moment is equal to the sum of the anti-clockwise moments about the same point in the plane. 2. When the system is not in equilibrium, then the resultant of two coplanar forces F1 and F2 denote by R is represented by the relationship below: M1 + M2 + MR Where M1 = Moment of F1 M2 = Moments of F2 MR = Moments of T. Centre of Gravity: The centre of gravity of a uniform plank or rod is the midpoint of the plant or rod Examples 1. A uniform rod PQ is 15m long and has mass 20kg. The rod rests on two supports at P and Q. An object of mass 5kg is suspended at a point R on the rod 5m from the end P. Calculate the reaction of the supports P and Q (take g = 10ms-2) Solution Kpkq 7.5m 5m P Q 5kg 20kg Let the reaction at P be Kp and at Q beKq NB: The weight of the rod acts downward through the midpoint of the rod. Moments about the point P, MR = M1 + M2 But M1 = F1 x d1 and F = Mg. Kq x 15 = (5 x 10 ) x 5 + ( 20 x 10 ) x 7.5 15kq = 50 x 5 + 200 x 7.5 Kq = 250 + 1500 15. Kq = 116. 7N. Moment about the point Q, Kp x 15 = ( 5 x 10 ) x 10 + (20 x 10 ) x 7.5. 15Kp = 500 + 1500 Kp = 2000 15. Kp = 133.3N Solution 8kg 10kg 20kg Let reaction at point P be Rp and at point Q be Rq. :. Moment about the point Q Rp x 4 = ( 10 x 9.8) x 5 + (20 x 9.8 ) x 2 – ( 8 x 9.8 x 1 ) 4Rp = 490 + 392 – 78.4 Rp = 803.6 4. Rp = 200.9N Moment about the point P: Rq x 4 = ( 8 x 9.8 ) x 5 + (20 x 9.8 ) x 2 – ( 10 x 9.8) x 1 4Rq = 392 + 392 – 98 Rq = 689 4 Rq = 171.5N EVALUATION A uniform rod PQ, is 20 m long and weighs 80N, has weights 20 N and 50N suspended at P and Q respectively. Find the distance from P where the rod must be supported so that it will rest horizontally. GENERAL EVALUATION A uniform rod PQ of length 10 m and mass 2kg rest on two supports at x and y. If PX = 2m and QY = 1m, find the reaction of X. (Take g = 10ms-2) WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT A uniform beam PQ of length 100cm and of weight 35N lies on a support 40cm from the end P. Weights 54N and W are attached to the ends P and Q respectively to keep the beam in equilibrium. Find the value of W, to the nearest whole number. READING ASIGNMENT: Read Rotational Equilibrium and Principle of Moments. Page 178-185 of Further Mathematics Project III. WEEK EIGHT FRICTION Basic Concept Coefficient of Friction Forces Acting on a Body Basic Concept: When two bodies are in contact, each one is exerting a force on the other. Therefore, friction can be defined as the force which tends to oppose the relative sliding motion of two surfaces in contact. Frictional force is the opposing force between two forces in contact. The direction of friction is opposite to the direction in which the motion will occur. The frictional force for any two surfaces in contact has a value given by” F = UR Where R is the normal reaction between the bodies and obtained as; R = m x g U = Coefficient of friction and the value depends only on the nature of the surfaces in contact. Examples 1: A mass of 4kg rests on a rough horizontal table, with U = 0.4. Find the least force sufficient to move the mass: (take g = 10ms-2) Solution Sufficient force; F = UR. R = m x g = 4 x 10 = 40 F = 0.4 x 40 F = 16N 2. If a force of 10N is just sufficient to move a mass of 2kg resting on a rough horizontal table, find the coefficient of friction (g = 10ms-2) Solution F = 10 N , m = 2kg. F = UR 10 = U x 2 x 10 10 = 20U u = 10/20 U = 0.5 EVALUATION A body of mass 8kg rests on a horizontal surface. If the coefficient of friction between the body and the horizontal surface is 0.65, calculate the minimum horizontal force enough to just move the body. FORCES ACTING ON A BODY PLACED ON A ROUGH INCLINED PLANE Rough Inclined Plane: There are two basic forces acting on an object placed on an inclined plane; the applied forces P and the frictional force F P= Mg Sin Ө F = Mg SinӨ R = Mg Cos Ө Recal F = UR :. F = UMgCos Ө where F is the limiting Friction: The least force required in P to make the body move up the inclined plane r is P = UR + Mg Sin Ө :. P = F + MgSinӨ P = UR + MgSinӨ The least force required to make the body slide down the plane is thus P + f = mgSin Ө P = mg Sin Ө- Ur. Where m = mass and Ө= angle of friction. The value of the coefficient of fricton from F = UR and MgSinӨ = UMgCos Ө is defined by U = mg sin Ө Mg cos Ө :. U = tan Ө Examples Solution Ө = 30o, U = tan Ө U = tan 30o U = 1/√3 or 0.5774. (g= 9.8ms-2). Solution P = mg Sin Ө P = 4.5 x 9.8 x sin 47o = 44.1 x 0.7314. P = 32.25N. EVALUATION A particle of mass 25kg slides down a rough plane inclined at angle 30o to the horizontal. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2, find, in ms-2 the acceleration of the particle correct to 3 significant figures (take g = 10ms-2) GENERAL EVALUATION A uniform ladder of length 6m and mass 30kg rests with one end against a rough vertical wall and the other end on a rough horizontal ground. The coefficient of friction at each point of contact is 0.3. If the ladder is on the point of slipping, calculate the (i) normal reaction of the ground (ii) frictional force at the wall (iii) angle of inclination of the ladder to the ground. (Take g = 10ms-2) READING ASIGNMENT Read Friction page 191 -195 WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT 1. A body is in limiting equilibrium on a plane inclined at an angle to the horizontal. if Cos = 0.8, calculate the coefficient of friction. 2. A big stone is of mass 13kg. A boy whose weight is 59N sits on the stone. Find the minimum horizontal force P required to move the stone on the ground. If the coefficient of friction is 0.25 (g = 9.8ms-2). 3. A mass of 8kg tests on a rough table with U = 0.6. Find the least force which will make the mass move (g = 10ms-2). 4. A mass of 10kg slides down a rough plane inclined at Ө to the horizontal where sin Ө = 0.6. if U = 0.3, find the acceleration of the box. 5. A body can just rest in equilibrium on a slope inclined at Ө to the horizontal where sinӨ = 5/13, find U